Git 使用

官方网站:http://git-scm.com/

配置

jackluo@jackluo:~$ git config --global user.name "jackluo"

jackluo@jackluo:~$ git config --global user.email "net.webjoy@gmail.com"

jackluo@jackluo:~$ git config --global color.ui true

jackluo@jackluo:~$ git config --global color.ui true

jackluo@jackluo:~$ git config --global core.editor "vi"

从头建立Repository(Demo):

$　mkdir sandbox

$   cd sandbox

$   git init

第一次 commit (demo):

$   touch README

$   git add README

$   git status

$  git commit -m "First Commit"

修改看看Demo

编辑README 做些变更

$  git status

$  git diff

$  git add .

(一次加入所有变更跟新增档案,但不包括删除的档案)

$  git status

$  git diff --cached

$  git commit -m "Update README"

只Commit 部分档案(demo)

$   touch a.rb

$   touch b.rb

$   git add a.rb

$   git commit "update a"

$   git add b.rb

$   git commit "update b"

修改 a.rb 

$  git add a.rb

再次修改 a.rb

git commit -m "commit a"

这时commit 的内容是第一次修改当时的内容而已

只commit 同一档案部分内容(demo)

$  git add --patch

    -y 加到staging

    -n 不要加到staging

    -s 查以折小一点hunk

或者用 GUI 例如gitx 来选取

删除和搬移档案(demo)

$ git rm a.rb

$ git mv b.rb c.rb

$ git add .

$ git commit "Remove a ,Rename b to c"

没有copy ?因为Git 是追跟内容，你只要cp 即可,不用担心浪费空间.

revert (还原 commit 记录)

新增一笔 commit 来做还原

例如本来的commit 是新增一行,那么revert commit 就会移除那一行

$  git revert

$  git revert HEAD^

下标签(demo)

$ git tag foo

$ git tag foo <SHAI>

$ git tag bar -m "some message"

$ git tag 

$ git tag -d foo

$ git log 

$ git log --oneline

$ git log --oneline --decorate --graph

git log 很多参数可以用,可以用GUI

比较差异Diff

git diff <SHAI>拿 working ree 比较

砍掉 untracked 档案

git clean -n 列出打算要清除的档案

git clean -f 真的清除

git clean -x 连 gitignore 里列的档案也要清掉

Git 建立Local Repository

1. $ mkdir project; cd project
2. $ git init
3. $ echo "hello" > hello.txt
4. $ git add .
5. $ git commit -m 'initial'

Git clone 资料, 资料修改后上传

1. $ git clone http://git.example.com/project.git
2. $ cd project
3. $ touch new_file.txt
4. $ git add .
5. $ git commit -m 'add new_file.txt'
6. $ git push origin master
7. $ git pull # 拉看看有没有更新

Git clone 资料, 资料修改后上传.(分两个目录测试)

1. $ mkdir /tmp/a /tmp/b
2. $ cd /tmp/a
3. $ git clone http://example.com/project_name.git
4. $ cd /tmp/b
5. $ git clone http://example.com/project_name.git
6. $ echo "hello" > hello.html
7. $ git add hello.html
8. $ git commit -m 'add hello.html' # local commit.
9. $ git push # 推到Server 上.
10. $ cd /tmp/a
11. $ git pull # 会看到hello.html

Local Repository

建立Local Repository 测试

1. $ mkdir test; cd test
2. $ git init

建立新的branch (new-branch), 并于branch 去新增档案

1. $ git branch new-branch # master
2. $ git branch # master 
    * master 
      new-branch
3. $ git checkout new-branch # 切换到新的branch
4. $ git branch # new-branch 
      master 
    * new-branch

测试Git staging area (git add . 之后的修改, 不会被commit 进去)

1. $ touch new-branch_file.txt # new-branch
2. $ git add . # new-branch
3. $ echo "contents." > new-branch_file.txt # new-branch
4. $ git commit # new-branch, commit的new-branch_file.txt会是空的,因为修改是在git add .之后.

修改过的资料, 不要commit, 想直接切换到master(使用Git stash 将修改纪录暂存, 将目前new-branch 的资料merge 到mastermaster)

1. $ git status # new-branch, 会显示new-branch_file.txt 有修改, 尚未commit.
2. $ git checkout master # new-branch, 切换回master, 会出现错误: "You have local changes"
3. $ git stash # new-branch, 先把修改的先暂存下来, 先不commit, 之后取出可用git stash pop 或git stash apply
4. $ git status # new-branch, 会显示nothing to commit (暂时先不丢进commit 里面)
5. $ git checkout master # master
6. $ git merge new-branch # master, 会将new-branch_file.txt 的空档案合并进来.

Git 于master 将档案砍掉, branch 是否还能存取此档案.

1. $ ls # master, master_file.txt, new-branch_file.txt
2. $ rm new-branch_file.txt # master, 删掉此档案
3. $ git checkout new-branch # master, 切换到new-branch, 会出现错误: "pathspec 'branch' did not match any file(s) known to git."
4. $ git stash # 先把修改的部份存起来(砍掉new-branch_file.txt)
5. $ ls # master, 此时new-branch_file.txt 出现了. (因为尚未commit, stash 的动作并未做写入)
6. $ git stash pop # master, 回复刚刚砍掉的状态, new-branch_file.txt 就消失了.
7. $ git commit -m 'delete new-branch_file.txt in master' -a # 先砍掉.

切换到Branch, 去跟master 做Merge

1. $ git checkout new-branch
2. $ git stash pop # new-branch
3. $ git merge master # new-branch, 错误: "Entry 'new-branch_file.txt' not uptodate. Cannot merge.", 因为档案有修改.
4. $ git diff master # 与master 做diff, 发现/dev/null vs file, 所以要把此档案砍掉.
5. $ rm new-branch_file.txt
6. $ git merge master # new-branch, 合并完成
7. $ ls # new-branch, 只剩master_file.txt 这个档案

由branch(new-branch) 环境和Master 分别建立新的branch (from-branch, from-master), 并测试未commit 资料状况, 新branch 的状态.

1. $ touch new-branch_file.txt # new-branch, 测试未commit 资料状况, 新branch 的状态.
2. $ git branch from-branch new-branch # new-branch, 会将new-branch 目前所有状态和资料都复制过去
3. $ git checkout from-branch # from-branch
4. $ git status # from-branch, 会看到new-branch_file.txt, 且这个档案尚未commit.
5. $ git branch from-master master # from-branch, 依照master 开from-master 的branch
6. $ git branch # from-branch 
     from-branch 
     from-master 
     master 
   * new-branch
7. $ git branch -d from-master # from-branch, 砍掉from-master 的branch
8. $ git checkout -b from-master master # from-branch, 建立from-master 的branch, 并同时切换过去.
9. $ git branch # from-master 
     from-branch 
   * from-master 
     master 
     new-branch

测试由Repository 还原档案内容

1. $ echo "test" > master_file.txt
2. $ git checkout master_file.txt # 还原回空档案(Repository 的版本是空档案)

git pull 出现error: Entry 'filename' not uptodate. Cannot merge. 解法

1. git stash # 目前目录有修改的资料, 先丢进暂存区
2. git pull # 合并拉下来的修改
3. git stash pop # 将修改的暂存区资料取出
4. 去看unmerge 的部份, 修改完成commit + push 即可.

Repository 测试

建立local 端master

1. $ mkdir /tmp/a /tmp/b
2. $ cd /tmp/a
3. $ git clone http://git.example.com/project.git
4. $ cd project/
5. $ touch master-file
6. $ git add .
7. $ git commit -m 'add master-file'
8. $ git push origin master
9. $ git pull
10. $ cd /tmp/b # 由此处来建立branch
11. $ git clone http://git.example.com/project.git

建立Repository 的branch

1. $ git pull
2. $ git push origin origin:refs/heads/reps-branch
3. $ git fetch origin # 更新到最新版本(origin 是Repository 的版本)
4. $ git branch -r
5. $ git checkout --track -b reps-branch origin/reps-branch # 抓取reps-branch, 并将此branch 建立于local 的reps-branch
6. $ git pull
7. $ git branch 
    * reps-branch 
      master

测试

A 操作, 新增一个档案, commit 进入reps-branch, 于reps-branch commit

1. $ cd /tmp/a/project
2. $ git pull
3. $ git push origin origin:refs/heads/reps-branch
4. $ git fetch origin
5. $ git branch -r
6. $ git checkout --track -b reps-branch origin/reps-branch # 抓取reps-branch, 并将此branch 建立于local 的reps-branch
7. $ git pull
8. $ git branch 
    * reps-branch 
      master
9. $ touch reps-branch.txt
10. $ git add reps-branch.txt
11. $ git commit -m 'add reps-branch.txt'
12. $ git push
13. $ git pull

B 抓取reps-branch, 并修改资料, 再抓取reps 的branch

1. $ cd /tmp/b/project
2. $ git clone http://git.example.com/project.git
3. $ cd project
4. $ git fetch origin
5. $ git pull
6. $ git checkout --track -b reps-branch origin/reps-branch # 丢到reps-branch 去
7. $ vim reps-branch.txt # 随便加些内容
8. $ git add reps-branch.txt
9. $ git commit -m 'add some content'
10. $ git push
11. $ git pull

A 操作, 更新, 会抓到B commit 的资料(于reps-branch)

1. $ cd /tmp/a/project
2. $ git pull # 更新reps-branch.txt 内的资料(B commit 的)