leetcode297- Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree- hard

Serialization is the process of converting a data structure or object into a sequence of bits so that it can be stored in a file or memory buffer, or transmitted across a network connection link to be reconstructed later in the same or another computer environment.

Design an algorithm to serialize and deserialize a binary tree. There is no restriction on how your serialization/deserialization algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a binary tree can be serialized to a string and this string can be deserialized to the original tree structure.

For example, you may serialize the following tree

    1
   / 
  2   3
     / 
    4   5

as "[1,2,3,null,null,4,5]", just the same as how LeetCode OJ serializes a binary tree. You do not necessarily need to follow this format, so please be creative and come up with different approaches yourself.

Note: Do not use class member/global/static variables to store states. Your serialize and deserialize algorithms should be stateless.

用BFS做，用ArrayList存储中间的状态，tree-list-string, string-list-tree。这样写可以比较清楚。

细节：1.老话equals，每个地方都检查！2.sb.deleteCharAt(), sb.delete(idx1, idx2)，这两个可以，没有remove. 3.deserialize的时候用arrayList+int idx追踪被添加结点比较好，比用queue好写。4.deserialize的时候要先把root提早拉出来，没办法 5.deserialize的时候要用到string.split(",")方法。

1.自己写的，queue

/**
 * Definition for a binary tree node.
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
public class Codec {

    // Encodes a tree to a single string.
    public String serialize(TreeNode root) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        Queue<TreeNode> q = new LinkedList<>();
        q.offer(root);
        while (!q.isEmpty()) {
            int size = q.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
                TreeNode n = q.poll();
                if (n == null) {
                    sb.append('#').append(',');
                    continue;
                }
                sb.append(n.val).append(',');
                q.offer(n.left);
                q.offer(n.right);
            }
        }
        // 注意API sb.delete(idx1, idx2); sb.deleteCharAt(idx)，不是remove
        sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length() - 1);
        return sb.toString();
    }

    // Decodes your encoded data to tree.
    public TreeNode deserialize(String data) {
        if (data.equals("#")) {
            return null;
        }
        String[] vals = data.split(",");
        TreeNode crt = new TreeNode(Integer.parseInt(vals[0]));
        TreeNode root = crt;
        boolean isLeft = true;
        Queue<TreeNode> q = new LinkedList<>();
        for (int i = 1; i < vals.length; i++) {
            TreeNode item = null;
            // 又写错成用!=对比了！！千万小心啊
            if (!vals[i].equals("#")) {
                item = new TreeNode(Integer.parseInt(vals[i]));
                q.offer(item);
            }
            if (isLeft) {
                crt.left = item;
            } else {
                crt.right = item;
                crt = q.poll();
            }
            isLeft = !isLeft;
        }
        return root;
    }
}

// Your Codec object will be instantiated and called as such:
// Codec codec = new Codec();
// codec.deserialize(codec.serialize(root));

2.九章的，list

/**
* 本参考程序来自九章算法，由 @九章算法 提供。版权所有，转发请注明出处。
* - 九章算法致力于帮助更多中国人找到好的工作，教师团队均来自硅谷和国内的一线大公司在职工程师。
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* - Big Data 项目实战班，算法面试高频题班, 动态规划专题班
* - 更多详情请见官方网站：http://www.jiuzhang.com/?source=code
*/ 

/**
 * Definition of TreeNode:
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     public int val;
 *     public TreeNode left, right;
 *     public TreeNode(int val) {
 *         this.val = val;
 *         this.left = this.right = null;
 *     }
 * }
 */
class Solution {
    /**
     * This method will be invoked first, you should design your own algorithm 
     * to serialize a binary tree which denote by a root node to a string which
     * can be easily deserialized by your own "deserialize" method later.
     */
    public String serialize(TreeNode root) {
        if (root == null) {
            return "{}";
        }

        ArrayList<TreeNode> queue = new ArrayList<TreeNode>();
        queue.add(root);

        for (int i = 0; i < queue.size(); i++) {
            TreeNode node = queue.get(i);
            if (node == null) {
                continue;
            }
            queue.add(node.left);
            queue.add(node.right);
        }

        while (queue.get(queue.size() - 1) == null) {
            queue.remove(queue.size() - 1);
        }

        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.append("{");
        sb.append(queue.get(0).val);
        for (int i = 1; i < queue.size(); i++) {
            if (queue.get(i) == null) {
                sb.append(",#");
            } else {
                sb.append(",");
                sb.append(queue.get(i).val);
            }
        }
        sb.append("}");
        return sb.toString();
    }
    
    /**
     * This method will be invoked second, the argument data is what exactly
     * you serialized at method "serialize", that means the data is not given by
     * system, it's given by your own serialize method. So the format of data is
     * designed by yourself, and deserialize it here as you serialize it in 
     * "serialize" method.
     */
    public TreeNode deserialize(String data) {
        if (data.equals("{}")) {
            return null;
        }
        String[] vals = data.substring(1, data.length() - 1).split(",");
        ArrayList<TreeNode> queue = new ArrayList<TreeNode>();
        TreeNode root = new TreeNode(Integer.parseInt(vals[0]));
        queue.add(root);
        int index = 0;
        boolean isLeftChild = true;
        for (int i = 1; i < vals.length; i++) {
            if (!vals[i].equals("#")) {
                TreeNode node = new TreeNode(Integer.parseInt(vals[i]));
                if (isLeftChild) {
                    queue.get(index).left = node;
                } else {
                    queue.get(index).right = node;
                }
                queue.add(node);
            }
            if (!isLeftChild) {
                index++;
            }
            isLeftChild = !isLeftChild;
        }
        return root;
    }
}