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  • (转)Spring4.0:@Configuration

      从Spring3.0,@Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件,被注解的类内部包含有一个或者多个被@Bean注解的方法,这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或者AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描,并用于构建bean定义,初始化Spring容器。

      注意:@Configuration注解的配置类有如下要求

        1、@Configuration不可以是final类型

        2、@Configuration不可以是匿名类

        3、嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类

    一、用@Configuration加载Spring

      1.1、@Configuration配置Spring并启动Spring容器

      1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean

      1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean

      1.4、使用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 注册AppContext 的两种方法

      1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml中配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext )

    二、组合多个配置类

      2.1、在@configuration中引入Spring的xml配置文件

      2.2、在@configuration中引入其他注解配置

      2.3、configuration嵌套(嵌套的configuration必须是静态类)

    三、@EnableXXX注解

    四、@Profile逻辑组配置

    五、使用外部变量

    一、@configuration加载Spring方法

      1.1、@configuration配置Spring并启动Spring容器

      @configuration注解在类上,相当于把该类作为Spring的xml配置文件中的<beans>,其作用为:配置Spring容器(应用上下文)

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    
    @Configuration
    public class TestConfiguration {
        public TestConfiguration() {
            System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
        }
    }

      相当于:

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"  
        xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
        xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation="
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false">
    
    
    </beans>

      主方法进行测试:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    public class TestMain {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
            // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
            // ApplicationContext context = new
            // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
        }
    }
    

      从运行主方法结果可以看出,Spring容器已经启动了:

      注意:1、@Configuration注解的Spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext

        

      1.2、@Configuration启动容器+@Bean注册Bean,@Bean下管理bean的生命周期

      @Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法),等价于Spring的的xml配置文件中的<bean>,其作用为:注册bean对象

      bean类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    public class TestBean {
    
        private String username;
        private String url;
        private String password;
    
        public void sayHello() {
            System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
        }
    
        public String toString() {
            return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
        }
    
        public void start() {
            System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
        }
    
        public void cleanUp() {
            System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");
        }
    }
    

      配置类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
    
    @Configuration
    public class TestConfiguration {
        public TestConfiguration() {
            System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
        }
    
        // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
        // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
        @Bean
        @Scope("prototype")
        public TestBean testBean() {
            return new TestBean();
        }
    }
    

      注意:@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法

      主方法测试类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    public class TestMain {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
            // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
            // ApplicationContext context = new
            // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
            
             //获取bean
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
        }
    }

      结果:

      注意:

        1、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上,如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称,则默认与标注的方法名相同;

        2、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域;

        3、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean,当然需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。

      @Bean下管理Bean的生命周期

      可以使用基于Java的配置来管理bean‘的生命周期。@Bean支持两种属性,即initMethod 和destroyMethod,这些属性可用于定义生命周期方法。在实例化bean或即将销毁它时,容器便可调用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也称为回调方法,因为它将由容器调用。使用@Bean注释注册的bean支持JSR-250规定的标准@PostConstruct和@PreDestory注释。如果您正在使用XML方法来定义bean,那么就应该使用bean元素来定义生命周期回调方法。以下代码显示了在XML配置中通常使用bean元素定义回调的方法。

    @Configuration
    @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
    public class TestConfiguration {
        public TestConfiguration() {
            System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
        }
    
        //@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
        @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
        @Scope("prototype")
        public TestBean testBean() {
            return new TestBean();
        }
    }
    

      启动类:

    public class TestMain {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
            System.out.println(tb);
            
            TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb2.sayHello();
            System.out.println(tb2);
        }
    }

      结果:

      分析:

      结果中的1:表明initMethod生效

      结果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效

    1.3、@Configuration启动容器+@Component注册Bean

      bean类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
    
    //添加注册bean的注解
    @Component
    public class TestBean {
    
        private String username;
        private String url;
        private String password;
    
        public void sayHello() {
            System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
        }
    
        public String toString() {
            return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
        }
    
        public void start() {
            System.out.println("TestBean 初始化。。。");
        }
    
        public void cleanUp() {
            System.out.println("TestBean 销毁。。。");
        }
    }

       配置类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
    
    @Configuration
    //添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径
    @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration")
    public class TestConfiguration {
        public TestConfiguration() {
            System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
        }
    
        /*// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法
        // @Bean(name="testNean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp")
        @Bean
        @Scope("prototype")
        public TestBean testBean() {
            return new TestBean();
        }*/
    }

      主方法测试获取Bean对象

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    public class TestMain {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
            // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
            // ApplicationContext context = new
            // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
            
             //获取bean
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
        }
    }

      sayHello()方法都被正常调用。

    1.4、使用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext注册AppContext类的两种方法

      1.4.1、配置类的注册方式是将其传递给AnnotationConfigApplicationContext构造函数

    public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
            //获取bean
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
        }

      1.4.2、AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 的register方法传入配置类来注册配置类

    public static void main(String[] args) {
      ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
      ctx.register(AppContext.class)
    }
    

      

    1.5、配置Web应用程序(web.xml配置AnnotationConfigApplicationContext)

       过去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文来配置 Spring Web 应用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路径。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文类。以下代码描述了 web.xml 中指向将由 ContextLoaderListener 监听器类载入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。

    <web-app>
        <context-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
        </context-param>
        <listener>
            <listener-class>
                org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
            </listener-class>
        </listener>
        <servlet>
        <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>
            org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
        </servlet-class>
        </servlet>
    
    ...
    </web-app>
    

      现在,您要将 web.xml 中的上述代码更改为使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。切记,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 为 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文实现,因此您永远不必在您的web.xml 文件中显式指定这个上下文类。现在,您将使用基于 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 应用程序时,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。上述代码将修改如下:

    <web-app>
        <context-param>
            <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
            <param-value>
                org.springframework.web.context.
                support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
            </param-value>
        </context-param>
        <context-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>
                demo.AppContext
            </param-value>
        </context-param>
        <listener>
            <listener-class>
                org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener
            </listener-class>
        </listener>
        <servlet>
        <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>
            org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet
        </servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextClass</param-name>
            <param-value>
                org.springframework.web.context.
                support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
            </param-value>
        </init-param>
        </servlet>
    
    ...
    </web-app>
    

      以上修改后的 web.xml 现在定义了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文类,并将其作为上下文参数和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置现在指向 AppContext 配置类。这非常简单。下一节将演示 bean 的生命周期回调和范围的实现。

    1.6、@Configuation总结

      (1)@Configuation等价于<Beans></Beans>

      (2)@Configuation等价于<Bean></Bean>

      (3)@ComponentScan等价于<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>

    二、组合多个配置类

    2.1、在@Configuation中引入Spring的xml配置文件

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
    
    @Configuration
    @ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
    public class WebConfig {
    }

      bean类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
    
    public class TestBean2 {
        private String username;
        private String url;
        private String password;
    
        public void sayHello() {
            System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello...");
        }
    
        public String toString() {
            return "TestBean2 username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
        }
    
        public void start() {
            System.out.println("TestBean2 初始化。。。");
        }
    
        public void cleanUp() {
            System.out.println("TestBean2 销毁。。。");
        }
    }

      测试类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    public class TestMain2 {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
    
            // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
            // ApplicationContext context = new
            // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    
            // 获取bean
            TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
            tb.sayHello();
        }
    }

      结果:

    2.2、在configuration中引入其他注解配置

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Import;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource;
    
    import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestConfiguration;
    
    @Configuration
    @ImportResource("classpath:applicationContext-configuration.xml")
    @Import(TestConfiguration.class)
    public class WebConfig {
    }

      测试类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration2;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    import com.dxz.demo.configuration.TestBean;
    
    public class TestMain2 {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class);
    
            // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件:
            // ApplicationContext context = new
            // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml");
    
            // 获取bean
            TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2");
            tb2.sayHello();
            
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
        }
    }

      结果:

    2.3、@Configuration嵌套(嵌套的Configuration必须是静态类)

       通过配置类嵌套的配置类,达到组合多个配置类的目的,但注意内部类必须是静态类

      上代码:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
    
    import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
    
    @Component
    public class TestBean {
    
        private String username;
        private String url;
        private String password;
    
        public void sayHello() {
            System.out.println("TestBean sayHello...");
        }
    
        public String toString() {
            return "username:" + this.username + ",url:" + this.url + ",password:" + this.password;
        }
    
        public void start() {
            System.out.println("TestBean start");
        }
    
        public void cleanUp() {
            System.out.println("TestBean destory");
        }
    }
    package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
    
    public class DataSource {
    
        private String dbUser;
        private String dbPass;
        public String getDbUser() {
            return dbUser;
        }
        public void setDbUser(String dbUser) {
            this.dbUser = dbUser;
        }
        public String getDbPass() {
            return dbPass;
        }
        public void setDbPass(String dbPass) {
            this.dbPass = dbPass;
        }
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "DataSource [dbUser=" + dbUser + ", dbPass=" + dbPass + "]";
        }
    }

      配置类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
    
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
    
    @Configuration
    @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.dxz.demo.configuration3")
    public class TestConfiguration {
        public TestConfiguration() {
            System.out.println("TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。");
        }
        
        @Configuration
        static class DatabaseConfig {
            @Bean
            DataSource dataSource() {
                return new DataSource();
            }
        }
    }

      启动类:

    package com.dxz.demo.configuration3;
    
    import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
    import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
    
    public class TestMain {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
    
            // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContexts
            ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
    
             //bean
            TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean");
            tb.sayHello();
            
            DataSource ds = (DataSource) context.getBean("dataSource");
            System.out.println(ds);
        }
    }

      结果:

    TestConfiguration容器启动初始化。。。
    TestBean sayHello...
    DataSource [dbUser=null, dbPass=null]

    三、@EnableXXX注解

      配合@Configuration使用,包括@EnableAsync,@EnableScheduling,@EnableTransactionManagement,@EnableAspectJAutoProxy,@EnableWebMvc,

      @EnableAspectJAutoProxy---《spring AOP 之:@Aspect注解

      @EnableScheduling--《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源码,spring源码分析之定时任务Scheduled注解

    四、@Profile逻辑组配置

      见《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

    五、使用外部变量

      1、@PropertySource + Environment,通过@PropertySource注解将properties配置文件中的值存储到Spring的 Environment中,Environment接口提供方法去读取配置文件中的值,参数是properties文件中定义的key值。
      2、@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value

    见《Spring的@PropertySource + Environment,@PropertySource(PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer)+@Value配合使用

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/javahr/p/9932096.html
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