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  • Python中异常(Exception)的总结

    Python中的异常处理

    异常处理的语句结构

    try:
        <statements>        #运行try语句块,并试图捕获异常
    except <name1>:
        <statements>        #如果name1异常发现,那么执行该语句块。
    except (name2, name3):
        <statements>        #如果元组内的任意异常发生,那么捕获它
    except <name4> as <variable>:
        <statements>        #如果name4异常发生,那么进入该语句块,并把异常实例命名为variable
    except:
        <statements>        #发生了以上所有列出的异常之外的异常
    else:
    <statements>            #如果没有异常发生,那么执行该语句块
    finally:
    	<statement>         #无论是否有异常发生,均会执行该语句块。
    

    说明

    • else和finally是可选的,可能会有0个或多个except,但是,如果出现一个else的话,必须有至少一个except。
    • 不管你如何指定异常,异常总是通过实例对象来识别,并且大多数时候在任意给定的时刻激活。一旦异常在程序中某处由一条except子句捕获,它就死掉了,除非由另一个raise语句或错误重新引发它。

    raise语句

    raise语句用来手动抛出一个异常,有下面几种调用格式:

    • raise #可以在raise语句之前创建该实例或者在raise语句中创建。
    • raise #Python会隐式地创建类的实例
    • raise name(value) #抛出异常的同时,提供额外信息value
    • raise # 把最近一次产生的异常重新抛出来
    • raise exception from E
      例如:
      抛出带有额外信息的ValueError: raise ValueError('we can only accept positive values')

    当使用from的时候,第二个表达式指定了另一个异常类或实例,它会附加到引发异常的__cause__属性。如果引发的异常没有捕获,Python把异常也作为标准出错消息的一部分打印出来:
    比如下面的代码:

    try:
        1/0
    except Exception as E:
        raise TypeError('bad input') from E
    
    

    执行的结果如下:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "hh.py", line 2, in <module>
        1/0
    ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
    
    The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
    
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "hh.py", line 4, in <module>
        raise TypeError('bad input') from E
    TypeError: bad input
    

    assert语句

    assert主要用来做断言,通常用在单元测试中较多,到时候再做介绍。

    with...as语句

    with语句支持更丰富的基于对象的协议,可以为代码块定义支持进入和离开动作。
    with语句对应的环境管理协议要求如下:

    • 环境管理器必须有__enter____exit__方法。
      __enter__方法会在初始化的时候运行,如果存在ass子在,__enter__函数的返回值会赋值给as子句中的变量,否则,直接丢弃。
      代码块中嵌套的代码会执行。
      如果with代码块引发异常,__exit__(type,value,traceback)方法就会被调用(带有异常细节)。这些也是由 sys.exc_info返回的相同值.如果此方法返回值为假,则异常会重新引发。否则,异常会终止。正常 情况下异常是应该被重新引发,这样的话才能传递到with语句之外。
      如果with代码块没有引发异常,__exit__方法依然会被调用,其type、value以及traceback参数都会以None传递。

    下面为一个简单的自定义的上下文管理类。

    class Block:
        def __enter__(self):
            print('entering to the block')
            return self
        
        def prt(self, args):
            print('this is the block we do %s' % args)
    
        def __exit__(self,exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
            if exc_type is None:
                print('exit normally without exception')
            else:
                print('found exception: %s, and detailed info is %s' % (exc_type, exc_value))
            return False
    
    with Block() as b:
        b.prt('actual work!')
        raise ValueError('wrong')
    

    如果注销到上面的raise语句,那么会正常退出。
    在没有注销掉该raise语句的情况下,运行结果如下:

    entering to the block
    this is the block we do actual work!
    found exception: <class 'ValueError'>, and detailed info is wrong
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "hh.py", line 18, in <module>
        raise ValueError('wrong')
    ValueError: wrong
    

    异常处理器

    如果发生异常,那么通过调用sys.exc_info()函数,可以返回包含3个元素的元组。 第一个元素就是引发异常类,而第二个是实际引发的实例,第三个元素traceback对象,代表异常最初发生时调用的堆栈。如果一切正常,那么会返回3个None。

    Python的Builtins模块中定义的Exception

    |Exception Name|Description|
    |BaseException|Root class for all exceptions|
    |   SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
    |KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
    |Exception|Root class for regular exceptions|
    |   StopIteration|Iteration has no further values|
    |   GeneratorExit|Exception sent to generator to tell it to quit|
    |   SystemExit|Request termination of Python interpreter|
    |   StandardError|Base class for all standard built-in exceptions|
    |       ArithmeticError|Base class for all numeric calculation errors|
    |           FloatingPointError|Error in floating point calculation|
    |           OverflowError|Calculation exceeded maximum limit for numerical type|
    |           ZeroDivisionError|Division (or modulus) by zero error (all numeric types)|
    |       AssertionError|Failure of assert statement|
    |       AttributeError|No such object attribute|
    |       EOFError|End-of-file marker reached without input from built-in|
    |       EnvironmentError|Base class for operating system environment errors|
    |           IOError|Failure of input/output operation|
    |           OSError|Operating system error|
    |               WindowsError|MS Windows system call failure|
    |               ImportError|Failure to import module or object|
    |               KeyboardInterrupt|User interrupted execution (usually by pressing Ctrl+C)|
    |           LookupError|Base class for invalid data lookup errors|
    |               IndexError|No such index in sequence|
    |               KeyError|No such key in mapping|
    |           MemoryError|Out-of-memory error (non-fatal to Python interpreter)|
    |           NameError|Undeclared/uninitialized object(non-attribute)|
    |               UnboundLocalError|Access of an uninitialized local variable|
    |           ReferenceError|Weak reference tried to access a garbage collected object|
    |           RuntimeError|Generic default error during execution|
    |               NotImplementedError|Unimplemented method|
    |           SyntaxError|Error in Python syntax|
    |               IndentationError|Improper indentation|
    |                   TabErrorg|Improper mixture of TABs and spaces|
    |           SystemError|Generic interpreter system error|
    |           TypeError|Invalid operation for type|
    |           ValueError|Invalid argument given|
    |               UnicodeError|Unicode-related error|
    |                   UnicodeDecodeError|Unicode error during decoding|
    |                   UnicodeEncodeError|Unicode error during encoding|
    |                   UnicodeTranslate Error|Unicode error during translation|
    |       Warning|Root class for all warnings|
    |           DeprecationWarning|Warning about deprecated features|
    |           FutureWarning|Warning about constructs that will change semantically in the future|
    |           OverflowWarning|Old warning for auto-long upgrade|
    |           PendingDeprecation Warning|Warning about features that will be deprecated in the future|
    |           RuntimeWarning|Warning about dubious runtime behavior|
    |           SyntaxWarning|Warning about dubious syntax|
    |           UserWarning|Warning generated by user code|
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jessonluo/p/4743574.html
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