开发网站，少不了测试。现在的网站为了加强安全性，都启用了HTTPS协议。所谓HTTPS，也就是HTTP文本在SSL协议中传输。用curl命令行来测试HTTPS站点是个很有用的功能，写点脚本，就可以做功能测试。
假定Ubuntu系统运行着一个HTTPS站点，用CppCMS编写，Nginx配置了SSL证书，通过FastCGI和CppCMS编写的后台进程连接在一起。
第一步，安装：
apt-get install curl
我的Ubuntu是13.04, 因此安装的curl版本很新，下面的命令检查版本号和其他信息：
curl -V curl 7.29.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.29.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1c zlib/1.2.7 libidn/1.25 librtmp/2.3 Protocols: dict file ftp ftps gopher http https imap imaps ldap ldaps pop3 pop3s rtmp rtsp smtp smtps telnet tftp Features: GSS-Negotiate IDN IPv6 Largefile NTLM NTLM_WB SSL libz TLS-SRP
我们可以看到启用了SSL, 并且openssl版本是1.0.1c。
第二步，访问HTTP站点：
curl http://www.baidu.com
<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><title>百度一下，你就知道<unction(){var _t=new Date().getTime();document.cookie = "WWW_ST=" + _t +";expires=" + new Date(_t + 10000).toGMTString()})}catch(e){}</script></html><!--b5d54ba904675fbf-->
返回了百度的网页内容。内容太多，裁剪了。
第三步，查看详细信息，用-v参数。
curl -v http://www.baidu.com
* About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 80 (#0)
* Trying 61.135.169.125...
* Connected to www.baidu.com (61.135.169.125) port 80 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: www.baidu.com
> Accept: */*
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Date: Wed, 03 Jul 2013 13:55:45 GMT
< Server: BWS/1.0
< Content-Length: 10437
< Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
< Cache-Control: private
< Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=24; path=/
< Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=2757_1457_2704_2726_1788_2249_2702; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
< Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=5E81F8E70C5DE6EDB5C24088E3E56359:FG=1; expires=Wed, 03-Jul-43 13:55:45 GMT; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
< Expires: Wed, 03 Jul 2013 13:55:45 GMT
< P3P: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
< Connection: Keep-Alive
<
<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><title>百度一下，你就知道</title><style >html,body{height:100%}html{overflow-y:auto}#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}#content{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center}#ftCon{height:100px;position:absolute;bottom:44px;text-align:center;100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}#ftConw{720px;margin:0 auto}body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}body,form,#fm{position:relative}td{text-align:left}img{border:0}a{color:#00c}a:active{color:#f60}#u{color:#999;padding:4px 10px 5px 0;text-align:right}#u a{margin:0 5px}#u .reg{margin:0}#m{720px;margin:0 auto}#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}#fm{padding-left:110px;text-align:left;z-index:1}input{border:0;padding:0}#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-alig
这样详细的信息都显示出来了。-v参数很有用，一般调试时都打开。
如果只想查看头部信息，用-i代替-v.
第四步，访问本地HTTPS站点
curl --insecure https://localhost/your_site/login_page
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
---insecure表示忽略校验步骤。
我试过用--cacert选项指定server.crt文件，也就是我的nginx使用的那个文件。但是报错。所以直接忽略算了。
第五步，调用HTTPS的login API登录
curl -v --insecure -d "email=gche@yousite.com&pwd=123456&language=en" https://localhost/your_site/login
* About to connect() to localhost port 443 (#0)
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 443 (#0)
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: none
CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, CERT (11):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Server key exchange (12):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Server finished (14):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Client key exchange (16):
* SSLv3, TLS change cipher, Client hello (1):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSLv3, TLS change cipher, Client hello (1):
* SSLv3, TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA
* Server certificate:
* subject: C=AU; ST=Some-State; O=Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
* start date: 2013-06-02 07:24:53 GMT
* expire date: 2014-06-02 07:24:53 GMT
* issuer: C=AU; ST=Some-State; O=Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
* SSL certificate verify result: self signed certificate (18), continuing anyway.
> POST /your_site/login HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: localhost
> Accept: */*
> Content-Length: 51
> Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
>
* upload completely sent off: 51 out of 51 bytes
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.5.1
< Date: Wed, 03 Jul 2013 14:02:38 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Connection: keep-alive
< X-Powered-By: CppCMS/1.0.3
< Set-Cookie: cml_session=518b7fc5117e87bce28f2444; Max-Age=36000; Path=/; Version=1
<
* Connection #0 to host localhost left intact
{"message":"Login succeeded!","status":0,"value":""}
-d "...&..." 的参数是通过POST方法发送参数。服务端最终回复一个JSON格式的字符串，表示登录成功。并且拿到了cml_session的值，也就是cookie.
第六步，用cookie访问HTTP网页。后面的网页只需要HTTP访问，提供正确的cookie即可。
curl -v --cookie "cml_session=518b7fc5117e87bce28f2444" http://localhost/your_site/home
* About to connect() to localhost port 80 (#0)
* Trying 127.0.0.1...
* Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 80 (#0)
> GET /your_site/home HTTP/1.1
> User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
> Host: localhost
> Accept: */*
> Cookie: cml_session=518b7fc5117e87bce28f2444
>
< HTTP/1.1 200 OK
< Server: nginx/1.5.1
< Date: Wed, 03 Jul 2013 14:06:43 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Connection: keep-alive
< X-Powered-By: CppCMS/1.0.3
<
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<title>CML Cloud</title>
<link type="text/css" href="../style/reset.css" rel="stylesheet"/>
<link type="text/css" href="../style/style.css" rel="stylesheet"/>