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  • 自定义异步非阻塞tornado框架

    1.1 源码

      1. Python的Web框架中Tornado以异步非阻塞而闻名。本篇将使用200行代码完成一个微型异步非阻塞Web框架:Snow。

      2. 本文基于非阻塞的Socket以及IO多路复用从而实现异步非阻塞的Web框架,其中便是众多异步非阻塞Web框架内部原理。

      3. 参考博客: http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/p/6536518.html

    import re
    import socket
    import select
    import time
    
    
    class HttpResponse(object):
        """
        封装响应信息
        """
        def __init__(self, content=''):
            self.content = content
    
            self.headers = {}
            self.cookies = {}
    
        def response(self):
            return bytes(self.content, encoding='utf-8')
    
    
    class HttpNotFound(HttpResponse):
        """
        404时的错误提示
        """
        def __init__(self):
            super(HttpNotFound, self).__init__('404 Not Found')
    
    
    class HttpRequest(object):
        """
        用户封装用户请求信息
        """
        def __init__(self, conn):
            self.conn = conn
    
            self.header_bytes = bytes()
            self.header_dict = {}
            self.body_bytes = bytes()
    
            self.method = ""
            self.url = ""
            self.protocol = ""
    
            self.initialize()
            self.initialize_headers()
    
        def initialize(self):
    
            header_flag = False
            while True:
                try:
                    received = self.conn.recv(8096)
                except Exception as e:
                    received = None
                if not received:
                    break
                if header_flag:
                    self.body_bytes += received
                    continue
                temp = received.split(b'
    
    ', 1)
                if len(temp) == 1:
                    self.header_bytes += temp
                else:
                    h, b = temp
                    self.header_bytes += h
                    self.body_bytes += b
                    header_flag = True
    
        @property
        def header_str(self):
            return str(self.header_bytes, encoding='utf-8')
    
        def initialize_headers(self):
            headers = self.header_str.split('
    ')
            first_line = headers[0].split(' ')
            if len(first_line) == 3:
                self.method, self.url, self.protocol = headers[0].split(' ')
                for line in headers:
                    kv = line.split(':')
                    if len(kv) == 2:
                        k, v = kv
                        self.header_dict[k] = v
    
    
    class Future(object):
        """
        异步非阻塞模式时封装回调函数以及是否准备就绪
        """
        def __init__(self, callback):
            self.callback = callback
            self._ready = False
            self.value = None
    
        def set_result(self, value=None):
            self.value = value
            self._ready = True
    
        @property
        def ready(self):
            return self._ready
    
    
    class TimeoutFuture(Future):
        """
        异步非阻塞超时
        """
        def __init__(self, timeout):
            super(TimeoutFuture, self).__init__(callback=None)
            self.timeout = timeout
            self.start_time = time.time()
    
        @property
        def ready(self):
            current_time = time.time()
            if current_time > self.start_time + self.timeout:
                self._ready = True
            return self._ready
    
    
    class Snow(object):
        """
        微型Web框架类
        """
        def __init__(self, routes):
            self.routes = routes
            self.inputs = set()
            self.request = None
            self.async_request_handler = {}
    
        def run(self, host='localhost', port=9999):
            """
            事件循环
            :param host:
            :param port:
            :return:
            """
            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
            sock.bind((host, port,))
            sock.setblocking(False)
            sock.listen(128)
            sock.setblocking(0)
            self.inputs.add(sock)
            try:
                while True:
                    readable_list, writeable_list, error_list = select.select(self.inputs, [], self.inputs,0.005)
                    for conn in readable_list:
                        if sock == conn:
                            client, address = conn.accept()
                            client.setblocking(False)
                            self.inputs.add(client)
                        else:
                            gen = self.process(conn)
                            if isinstance(gen, HttpResponse):
                                conn.sendall(gen.response())
                                self.inputs.remove(conn)
                                conn.close()
                            else:
                                yielded = next(gen)
                                self.async_request_handler[conn] = yielded
                    self.polling_callback()
    
            except Exception as e:
                pass
            finally:
                sock.close()
    
        def polling_callback(self):
            """
            遍历触发异步非阻塞的回调函数
            :return:
            """
            for conn in list(self.async_request_handler.keys()):
                yielded = self.async_request_handler[conn]
                if not yielded.ready:
                    continue
                if yielded.callback:
                    ret = yielded.callback(self.request, yielded)
                    conn.sendall(ret.response())
                self.inputs.remove(conn)
                del self.async_request_handler[conn]
                conn.close()
    
        def process(self, conn):
            """
            处理路由系统以及执行函数
            :param conn:
            :return:
            """
            self.request = HttpRequest(conn)
            func = None
            for route in self.routes:
                if re.match(route[0], self.request.url):
                    func = route[1]
                    break
            if not func:
                return HttpNotFound()
            else:
                return func(self.request)
    snow.py 源码

    1.2 tornado框架核心代码分析(Snow类注释)

        1.每个请求过来就会创建一个socket对象,并调用select去监听连接,select会将所有请求放到readable_list列表中

        2.使用while不断执行for循环遍历readable_list,如果是新连接请求过来就加入inputs列表中

        3.如果已经连接就调用self.process来获取请求头和请求体,如果已经获取到了正常的返回内容,就会返回一个

            HttpResponse类型,直接返回response返回值即可

        4.如果没有处理完成就会返回一个future对象,将这个future对象加入async_request_handler字典中,程序会继续

            向下走,不会阻塞

        5.每次执行完for循环后就会调用self.polling_callback()方法,在这个方法中再使用for循环遍历async_request_handler

            字典中的future对象,只要future对象有response,就将response返回,并将这个future对象从字典中删除

    class Snow(object):
        def __init__(self, routes):
            self.routes = routes
            self.inputs = set()
            self.request = None
            self.async_request_handler = {}
    
        def run(self, host='localhost', port=9999):
            """
            事件循环
            :param host:
            :param port:
            """
            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
            sock.bind((host, port,))
            sock.setblocking(False)
            sock.listen(128)
            sock.setblocking(0)
            self.inputs.add(sock)
            try:
                while True:
                    readable_list, writeable_list, error_list = select.select(self.inputs, [], self.inputs,0.005)
                    for conn in readable_list:
                        if sock == conn:                        #1.表示有新连接请求过来
                            client, address = conn.accept()     #接收请求对象
                            client.setblocking(False)
                            self.inputs.add(client)             #加入inputs中
                        else:                                   #2. 连上后执行这里并判断连接类型
                            gen = self.process(conn)            # 获取请求头请求体
                            if isinstance(gen, HttpResponse):   #2.1如果返回的HttpResponse类型,就直接返回response
                                    conn.sendall(gen.response())
                                    self.inputs.remove(conn)
                                conn.close()
                            else:                              #2.2如果返回的是一个future类型,加入字典,并hold住
                                yielded = next(gen)
                                # 将future对象放到字典中,hold住这个请求,就继续向下执行
                                self.async_request_handler[conn] = yielded
                    self.polling_callback()                    #3. 每次for循环结束就会调用这个方法
    
            except Exception as e:
                pass
            finally:
                sock.close()
    
        def polling_callback(self):
            """
            遍历触发异步非阻塞的回调函数
            :return:
            """
            for conn in list(self.async_request_handler.keys()):
                # conn是:   socket对象
                # yield是:  future对象
                yielded = self.async_request_handler[conn]
                # 若果future对象有返回值就会执行future.set_result()
                # 如果有人执行future.set_result()就会自动将ready改成true,才会向下走
                if not yielded.ready:
                    continue
                if yielded.callback:
                    ret = yielded.callback(self.request, yielded)
                    conn.sendall(ret.response())         #返回数据
                self.inputs.remove(conn)                 #将inputs中删除这个链接
                del self.async_request_handler[conn]    #在字典中删除这个future对象
                conn.close()
    
    
        def polling_callback(self):
            """
            4. 遍历触发异步非阻塞的回调函数,当future对象有返回就结束,并从字典中删除
            :return:
            """
            for conn in list(self.async_request_handler.keys()):
                # conn是:   socket对象
                # yield是:  future对象
                yielded = self.async_request_handler[conn]
                # 若果future对象有返回值就会执行future.set_result()
                # 如果有人执行future.set_result()就会自动将ready改成true,才会向下走
                if not yielded.ready:
                    continue
                if yielded.callback:
                    ret = yielded.callback(self.request, yielded)
                    conn.sendall(ret.response())  # 返回数据
                self.inputs.remove(conn)  # 将inputs中删除这个链接
                del self.async_request_handler[conn]  # 在字典中删除这个future对象
                conn.close()
    
        def process(self, conn):
            """
            处理路由系统以及执行函数
            :param conn:
            :return:
            """
            self.request = HttpRequest(conn)
            func = None
            for route in self.routes:
                if re.match(route[0], self.request.url):
                    func = route[1]
                    break
            if not func:
                return HttpNotFound()
            else:
                return func(self.request)
    tornado核心处理类 Snow 代码注释

    1.3 剖析Future()对象 实现异步非阻塞原理

      1.原理说明
        1、当发送GET请求时,由于方法被@gen.coroutine装饰且yield 一个 Future对象,那么Tornado会等待
        2、等待用户向future对象中放置数据或者发送信号,如果获取到数据或信号之后,就开始执行doing方法。
        3、等待用户向future对象中放置数据或者发送信号,如果获取到数据或信号之后,就开始执行doing方法。
        4、注意:在等待用户向future对象中放置数据或信号时,此连接是不断开的。
      2.验证方法
        1、首先访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/async 会阻塞,并且不断开,页面一直在转,说明非阻塞
        2、然后访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/login 可以直接访问,证明可以实现异步
        3、最后访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/stop /index页面立刻就会返回了

    import tornado.ioloop
    import tornado.web
    from tornado import gen
    from tornado.concurrent import Future
    
    '''1. 访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/async 会阻塞'''
    future = None
    
    class AsyncHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        @gen.coroutine
        def get(self):
            global future
            future = Future()
            future.add_done_callback(self.doing)
            yield future
    
            # from tornado import httpclient
            # http = httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient()
            # # 下载完成后,自动执行 future.set_result()
            # yield http.fetch("http://www.google.com", self.doing)
        def doing(self, *args, **kwargs):
            self.write('async')
            self.finish()
    
    '''2. 但是访问http://127.0.0.1:8888/login可以访问'''
    class LoginHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.write('login')
    
    '''3. 当我们去访问http://127.0.0.1:8888/stop时就可以结束/async的阻塞'''
    class StopHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
        def get(self, *args, **kwargs):
            future.set_result('...')
            self.write('结束阻塞')
    
    settings = {}
    application = tornado.web.Application([
        (r"/login", LoginHandler),
        (r"/async", AsyncHandler),
        (r"/stop", StopHandler),
    ],**settings)
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        application.listen(8888)
        print('直接访问会阻塞:http://127.0.0.1:8888/async')
        print('阻塞时还能访问login证明实现异步:http://127.0.0.1:8888/login')
        print('访问sotp会结束async的阻塞:http://127.0.0.1:8888/stop')
        tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
    future对象实现阻塞 与 结束阻塞

    1.4 自定义框架使用

      1、基本使用

          1. 在Linux下执行: python3 app.py

          2. 使用Linux中的Firefox访问:http://1.1.1.3:8888/index/

    from snow import Snow
    from snow import HttpResponse
    
    def index(request):
        print('aafdsfsfdf')
        return HttpResponse('OK')
    
    routes = [
        (r'/index/', index),
    ]
    
    app = Snow(routes)
    app.run(host='1.1.1.3',port=8888)
    app.py

      2、异步非阻塞:超时

          1. 访问: http://127.0.0.1:8888/home/ 可以直接返回

          2. 访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/async/  页面会转5s后超时

    from snow import Snow
    from snow import HttpResponse
    from snow import TimeoutFuture
    
    request_list = []
    
    def async(request):
        obj = TimeoutFuture(5)
        yield obj
    
    def home(request):
        return HttpResponse('home')
    
    routes = [
        (r'/home/', home),
        (r'/async/', async),
    ]
    
    app = Snow(routes)
    app.run(port=8888)
    app.py

      3、异步非阻塞:等待

          1. 访问: http://127.0.0.1:8888/req/ 会一直处于长连接的阻塞状态,由于异步所以可以阻塞也可以处理其他请求

          2. 访问:http://127.0.0.1:8888/stop/ 会执行 obj.set_result('done') 结束阻塞

    from snow import Snow
    from snow import HttpResponse
    from snow import Future
    
    request_list = []
    
    def callback(request, future):
        return HttpResponse(future.value)
    
    def req(request):
        obj = Future(callback=callback)
        request_list.append(obj)
        yield obj
    
    def stop(request):
        obj = request_list[0]
        del request_list[0]
        obj.set_result('done')
        return HttpResponse('stop')
    
    routes = [
        (r'/req/', req),
        (r'/stop/', stop),
    ]
    
    app = Snow(routes)
    app.run(port=8888)
    app.py
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jiaxinzhu/p/12562229.html
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