systemctl命令是系统服务管理器指令，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器，它实际上将 service 和 chkconfig 这两个命令组合到一起。
CentOS 7.x开始，CentOS开始使用systemd服务来代替daemon，原来管理系统启动和管理系统服务的相关命令全部由systemctl命令来代替。
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有为数不多的几个发行版尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非全是如此。
1、原来的 service 命令与 systemctl 命令对比
| daemon命令 | systemctl命令 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| service [服务] start | systemctl start [unit type] | 启动服务 |
| service [服务] stop | systemctl stop [unit type] | 停止服务 |
| service [服务] restart | systemctl restart [unit type] | 重启服务 |
此外还是二个systemctl参数没有与service命令参数对应
- status：参数来查看服务运行情况
- reload：重新加载服务，加载更新后的配置文件（并不是所有服务都支持这个参数，比如network.service）
示例：
#启动网络服务
systemctl start network.service
#停止网络服务
systemctl stop network.service
#重启网络服务
systemctl restart network.service
#查看网络服务状态
systemctl status network.serivce
2、原来的chkconfig 命令与 systemctl 命令对比
| daemon命令 | systemctl命令 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| chkconfig [服务] on | systemctl enable [unit type] | 设置服务开机启动 |
| chkconfig [服务] off | systemctl disable [unit type] | 设备服务禁止开机启动 |
示例：
#停止cup电源管理服务
systemctl stop cups.service
#禁止cups服务开机启动
systemctl disable cups.service
#查看cups服务状态
systemctl status cups.service
#重新设置cups服务开机启动
systemctl enable cups.service
3、查看系统上上所有的服务
命令格式：systemctl [command] [–type=TYPE] [–all]
参数详解：
command - list-units：依据unit列出所有启动的unit。加上 –all 才会列出没启动的unit; - list-unit-files:依据/usr/lib/systemd/system/ 内的启动文件，列出启动文件列表
–type=TYPE - 为unit type, 主要有service, socket, target
应用举例：
| systemctl命令 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| systemctl | 列出所有的系统服务 |
| systemctl list-units | 列出所有启动unit |
| systemctl list-unit-files | 列出所有启动文件 |
| systemctl list-units –type=service –all | 列出所有service类型的unit |
| systemctl list-units –type=service –all grep cpu | 列出 cpu电源管理机制的服务 |
| systemctl list-units –type=target –all | 列出所有target |
4、systemctl特殊的用法
| systemctl命令 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| systemctl is-active [unit type] | 查看服务是否运行 |
| systemctl is-enable [unit type] | 查看服务是否设置为开机启动 |
| systemctl mask [unit type] | 注销指定服务 |
| systemctl unmask [unit type] | 取消注销指定服务 |
应用举例：
#查看网络服务是否启动 systemctl is-active network.service #检查网络服务是否设置为开机启动 systemctl is-enable network.service #停止cups服务 systemctl stop cups.service #注销cups服务 systemctl mask cups.service #查看cups服务状态 systemctl status cups.service #取消注销cups服务 systemctl unmask cups.service
5、常用示例：
Systemctl基础、体验
1. 检查系统中是否安装有systemctl并确定当前安装的版本
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl --version systemd 219 +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了219版本的systemctl。
2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# whereis systemd systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# whereis systemctl systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
3. 检查systemd是否运行
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd root 1 0 0 16:15 ? 00:00:04 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21 root 631 1 0 16:15 ? 00:00:24 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald root 661 1 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd dbus 813 1 0 16:15 ? 00:00:02 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation root 841 1 0 16:15 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
注意：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（即 -eaf）。
也请注意上例中后随的方括号和例子中剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。
4. 分析systemd启动进程
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-analyze Startup finished in 743ms (kernel) + 6.959s (initrd) + 17.696s (userspace) = 25.399s
5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-analyze blame 11.859s dev-xvda1.device 5.670s NetworkManager-wait-online.service 4.610s plymouth-quit-wait.service 3.757s systemd-udev-settle.service 3.078s kdump.service 2.257s mysql.service 1.451s libvirtd.service 1.228s postfix.service 751ms uvp-monitor.service 675ms spesserviced.service 675ms messageserviced.service 660ms tuned.service 586ms network.service 525ms accounts-daemon.service 467ms NetworkManager.service 457ms systemd-udevd.service 416ms abrt-ccpp.service 397ms firewalld.service 365ms ModemManager.service
6. 分析启动时的关键链
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-analyze critical-chain The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character. graphical.target @17.682s ?..multi-user.target @17.682s ?..getty.target @17.682s ?..serial-getty@hvc0.service @17.681s ?..systemd-user-sessions.service @12.929s +18ms ?..remote-fs.target @12.921s ?..remote-fs-pre.target @12.921s ?..iscsi-shutdown.service @12.907s +12ms ?..network.target @12.900s ?..network.service @12.311s +586ms ?..NetworkManager.service @6.166s +467ms ?..basic.target @5.903s ?..sockets.target @5.903s ?..rpcbind.socket @5.903s ?..sysinit.target @5.895s ?..systemd-update-utmp.service @5.877s +16ms ?..auditd.service @5.738s +135ms ?..systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @5.661s +73ms ?..rhel-import-state.service @5.526s +134ms ?..local-fs.target @5.525s ?..run-user-0.mount @14.041s ?..local-fs-pre.target @1.615s ?..systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @ ?..kmod-static-nodes.service @1.473s ?..systemd-journald.socket ?..-.slice
重要：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。
7. 列出所有可用单元
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files UNIT FILE STATE proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-fs-nfsd.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static brandbot.path disabled cups.path enabled systemd-ask-password-console.path static
8. 列出所有运行中单元
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-units UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System Automount Point sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:01.1-ata2-host1-target1:0:1-1:0:1:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged QEMU_DVD-ROM sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2 sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3 sys-devices-pnp0-00:08-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/pnp0/00:08/tty/ttyS0 sys-devices-pnp0-00:09-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/pnp0/00:09/tty/ttyS1 sys-devices-vbdx2d51712-block-xvda-xvda1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/vbd-51712/block/xvda/xvda1 sys-devices-vbdx2d51712-block-xvda-xvda2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/vbd-51712/block/xvda/xvda2 sys-devices-vbdx2d51712-block-xvda.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/vbd-51712/block/xvda sys-devices-vbdx2d51776-block-xvde.device loaded active plugged LVM PV I2rhCm-www3-J79i-r3ei-1XCb-a1qS-3OWSg9 on /dev/xvde sys-devices-vifx2d0-net-eth0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/vif-0/net/eth0
9. 列出所有失败单元
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl --failed UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION ?.bluetooth.service loaded failed failed Bluetooth service ?.rc-local.service loaded failed failed /etc/rc.d/rc.local Compatibility LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. 2 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
10. 检查某个单元（如 cron.service）是否启用
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl is-enabled firewalld.service
disabled
11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service ?.firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-11-25 16:20:44 CST; 1h 29min ago Main PID: 7677 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service ?..7677 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid Nov 25 16:20:43 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 16:20:44 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
使用Systemctl控制并管理服务
12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的）
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service UNIT FILE STATE abrt-ccpp.service enabled abrt-oops.service enabled abrt-pstoreoops.service disabled abrt-vmcore.service enabled abrt-xorg.service enabled abrtd.service enabled accounts-daemon.service enabled alsa-restore.service static alsa-state.service static alsa-store.service static anaconda-direct.service static anaconda-nm-config.service static anaconda-noshell.service static anaconda-shell@.service static
13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（如 firewalld.service）状态
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl start httpd.service Failed to start httpd.service: Unit httpd.service failed to load: No such file or directory. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl start firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl restart firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl reload firewalld.service Job for firewalld.service invalid. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service ?.firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) Nov 25 16:18:11 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 16:20:43 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 16:20:44 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:52:25 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:52:38 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:52:40 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:52:40 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:52:53 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:52:55 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:53:07 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Unit firewalld.service cannot be reloaded because it is inactive. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl restart firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl reload firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service ?.firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-11-25 17:53:40 CST; 8s ago Process: 31721 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 31008 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service ?..31008 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid Nov 25 17:53:39 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:53:40 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:53:43 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Reloaded firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
注意：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。
14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（即系统启动时自动启动服务）
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl is-active firewalld.service active [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl enable firewalld.service Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service. Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files |grep firewall firewalld.service enabled [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service ?.firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Sat 2017-11-25 17:53:40 CST; 4min 6s ago Main PID: 31008 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service ?..31008 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid Nov 25 17:53:39 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:53:40 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:53:43 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Reloaded firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld.service Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service. Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files |grep firewall firewalld.service disabled
15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（如 httpd.service）
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl mask firewalld.service Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/firewalld.service to /dev/null. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl unmask firewalld.service Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/firewalld.service.
16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl kill httpd Failed to kill unit httpd.service: Unit httpd.service is not loaded. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl kill firewalld.service [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service ?.firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Sat 2017-11-25 18:05:17 CST; 7s ago Main PID: 31008 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Nov 25 17:53:39 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon... Nov 25 17:53:40 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon. Nov 25 17:53:43 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Reloaded firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点
17. 列出所有系统挂载点
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount UNIT FILE STATE dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-fs-nfsd.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount static 9 unit files listed.
18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl start tmp.mount [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl stop tmp.mount [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl reload tmp.mount Job for tmp.mount invalid. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status tmp.mount ?.tmp.mount - Temporary Directory Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Sat 2017-11-25 18:09:06 CST; 25s ago Where: /tmp What: tmpfs Docs: man:hier(7) http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems Process: 40649 ExecUnmount=/bin/umount /tmp -n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 40271 ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -n -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Nov 25 18:08:58 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Mounting Temporary Directory... Nov 25 18:08:58 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory. Nov 25 18:09:06 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Unmounting Temporary Directory... Nov 25 18:09:06 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Unmounted Temporary Directory. Nov 25 18:09:21 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Unit tmp.mount cannot be reloaded because it is inactive. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl restart tmp.mount [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status tmp.mount ?.tmp.mount - Temporary Directory Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (mounted) since Sat 2017-11-25 18:09:53 CST; 2s ago Where: /tmp What: tmpfs Docs: man:hier(7) http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems Process: 40649 ExecUnmount=/bin/umount /tmp -n (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 41410 ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -n -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Nov 25 18:09:53 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway. Nov 25 18:09:53 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Mounting Temporary Directory... Nov 25 18:09:53 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl reload tmp.mount
19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载）
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl is-active tmp.mount active [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl disable tmp.mount Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/local-fs.target.wants/tmp.mount. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl is-active tmp.mount active [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl enable tmp.mount Failed to execute operation: Access denied
20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启用）或可见挂载点
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl mask tmp.mount ln -s '/dev/null''/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount' [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl unmask tmp.mount rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口
21. 列出所有可用系统套接口
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket UNIT FILE STATE avahi-daemon.socket enabled cups.socket enabled dbus.socket static dm-event.socket enabled iscsid.socket enabled iscsiuio.socket enabled libvirtd.socket static lldpad.socket disabled lvm2-lvmetad.socket enabled lvm2-lvmpolld.socket enabled rpcbind.socket enabled rsyncd.socket disabled sshd.socket disabled syslog.socket static systemd-initctl.socket static systemd-journald.socket static systemd-networkd.socket disabled systemd-shutdownd.socket static systemd-udevd-control.socket static systemd-udevd-kernel.socket static virtlockd.socket disabled 21 unit files listed.
22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl start sshd.socket [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl restart sshd.socket Failed to restart sshd.socket: Transaction contains conflicting jobs 'restart' and 'stop' for sshd-keygen.service. Probably contradicting requirement dependencies configured. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status sshd.socket ?.sshd.socket - OpenSSH Server Socket Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (listening) since Sat 2017-11-25 18:28:12 CST; 22s ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) Listen: [::]:22 (Stream) Accepted: 0; Connected: 0 Nov 25 18:28:12 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Listening on OpenSSH Server Socket. Nov 25 18:28:12 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting OpenSSH Server Socket. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl stop sshd.socket [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl reload sshd.socket Failed to reload sshd.socket: Job type reload is not applicable for unit sshd.socket. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl status sshd.socket ?.sshd.socket - OpenSSH Server Socket Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Sat 2017-11-25 18:28:46 CST; 19s ago Docs: man:sshd(8) man:sshd_config(5) Listen: [::]:22 (Stream) Accepted: 0; Connected: 0 Nov 25 18:28:12 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Listening on OpenSSH Server Socket. Nov 25 18:28:12 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Starting OpenSSH Server Socket. Nov 25 18:28:46 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Closed OpenSSH Server Socket. Nov 25 18:28:46 CTU1000094955 systemd[1]: Stopping OpenSSH Server Socket.
24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl mask sshd.socket Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/sshd.socket to /dev/null. [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl unmask sshd.socket Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/sshd.socket.
服务的CPU利用率（分配额）
25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd）
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service CPUShares=18446744073709551615
注意：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。
26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000
# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service
CPUShares=2000
注意：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（如 httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf
[Service]
CPUShares=2000
27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl show httpd Restart=no NotifyAccess=none RestartUSec=100ms TimeoutStartUSec=1min 30s TimeoutStopUSec=1min 30s WatchdogUSec=0 WatchdogTimestampMonotonic=0 StartLimitInterval=10000000 StartLimitBurst=5 StartLimitAction=none FailureAction=none
... ... 中间省略部分内容
28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-analyze critical-chain firewalld.service The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character. firewalld.service +380ms ?..basic.target @5.903s ?..sockets.target @5.903s ?..rpcbind.socket @5.903s ?..sysinit.target @5.895s ?..systemd-update-utmp.service @5.877s +16ms ?..auditd.service @5.738s +135ms ?..systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @5.661s +73ms ?..rhel-import-state.service @5.526s +134ms ?..local-fs.target @5.525s ?..run-user-0.mount @14.041s ?..local-fs-pre.target @1.615s ?..systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @1.519s +92ms ?..kmod-static-nodes.service @1.473s +44ms ?..systemd-journald.socket ?..-.slice
29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl list-dependencies firewalld.service firewalld.service ?.?..system.slice ?.?..basic.target ?. ?..alsa-restore.service ?. ?..alsa-state.service ?.?..... ?. ?..microcode.service ?. ?..rhel-autorelabel-mark.service ?. ?..rhel-autorelabel.service ?. ?..rhel-configure.service ?. ?..rhel-dmesg.service ?. ?..rhel-loadmodules.service ?. ?..paths.target ?. ?..slices.target ... .... 后面省略部分内容
30. 按等级列出控制组
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-cgls ?..1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21 ?..user.slice ?.?..user-988.slice ?.?.?..session-c1.scope ?.?. ?..3150 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-launch-environment] ?.?. ?..3187 /usr/bin/gnome-session --autostart /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart --session gnome-initial-setup ?.?. ?..3190 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session /usr/bin/gnome-session --autostart /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart --session gnome-initial-setup ?.?. ?..3199 /bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 4 --print-address 6 --session ?.?. ?..3288 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher ?.?. ?..3305 /bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/etc/at-spi2/accessibility.conf --nofork --print-address 3 ?.?. ?..3309 /usr/libexec/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-session ?.?. ?..3410 gnome-shell --mode=initial-setup ... ... 中间省略部分内容 ?.?. ?..3767 /usr/libexec/ibus-engine-simple ?.?. ?..3879 gnome-keyring-daemon --unlock ?.?..user-0.slice
31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemd-cgtop Path Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s / 418 - 2.8G - - /system.slice/ModemManager.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/NetworkManager.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/abrt-oops.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/abrt-xorg.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/abrtd.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/alsa-state.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/atd.service 1 - - - - /system.slice/auditd.service 3 - - - -
控制系统运行等级
32. 启动系统救援模式
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl rescue Broadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/0(Wed2015-04-2911:31:18 IST): The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!
33. 进入紧急模式
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl emergency Welcome to emergency mode!After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view system logs,"systemctl reboot" to reboot,"systemctl default" to try again to boot intodefault mode.
34. 列出当前使用的运行等级
运行等级说明如下。
- Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统 shutdown.target
- Runlevel 1 : 紧急？维护模式 emergency.target
- Runlevel 2 : 救援？维护模式 rescure.target
- Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统 multi-user.target
- Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统 无
- Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统 graphical.target
- Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器 无
[root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl get-default
graphical.target
35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式
# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target 或 # systemctl isolate graphical.target [root@CTU1000094955 ~]# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target PolicyKit daemon disconnected from the bus. We are no longer a registered authentication agent.
36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行）
# systemctl isolate runlevel3.target
或
# systemctl isolate multiuser.target
36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级
# systemctl set-default runlevel3.target
# systemctl set-default runlevel5.target
37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠
# systemctl reboot 重新启动 # systemctl halt # systemctl suspend 进入睡眠模式 # systemctl hibernate 进入休眠模式 # systemctl hybrid-sleep
# systemctl rescue 强制进入救援模式
# systemctl emergency 强制进入紧急救援模式
# systemctl poweroff 系统关机