一：词类
英语词类分为10种，分别是名词，形容词，代词，数词，动词，副词，借词，连词和感叹词。
1.名词（n）:表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称。如，boy，morning，bag,ball,class,orange.
2.代词（pron）：主要用来代替名词。如：who,she,you,it
3.形容词（adj）：表示人或事物性质或特性。如：good，right，white，orange。
4.数词（unm）:表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，third。
5.动词（v）：表示动作或状态。如
6.副词（adv）：修饰动词，形容词或其它副词，说明时间，地点，程度等，如：now，very，here，often
7.冠词（art）：用在名词前帮助说明名词。如a,an,the
8.介词（prep）:表示它后面的名词或代词与其它句子成分的关系，如in，on，from，above，
9.连词(conj)：用来连接词，短语或句子。如and,but,before
10.感叹词（interj）:表示喜，怒，哀，乐等感情的词。如：oh,well,hi,hello
二：句子成分：
英语句子成分分为7种：分别是主语，谓语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾语不语。
2.1 主语：
（1）由名词，代词，动词不定式，动名词等充当。说明动词是“谁”发出的，主语是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或什么，表示句子说明的是“什么人”，“什么事”。如“我写字”中的“我”，做出写字的这个动作是主语。“写”则是谓语，“字”是宾语，是接受“写”这个动作的受体是宾语。
eg1:The painter painted a very nice picture.
eg2:They fought against SARS bravely.
eg3:To see is to believe.
eg4:Helping animals is to help people.
（2）动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替，而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。
eg1:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey.
eg2：Eating too much is bad for your health = It is bad for your health eating too much.
（3）口语中常见主语或“主-系”省略：(it is ) nothing . (it) doesn`t matter。(I) think you.
（4）主语与谓语必须保持单，复数的一致，而谓语和表语或宾语没有这一要求。
eg1:Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam.
eg2:The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.
（5）主语可以由从句充当
2.2 谓语
是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，在主语后接宾语，又称受词，是一个动词的接受者。
（1）由“不及物动词”，“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成，说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”，或“怎么样”
eg1:He travelled in space for the first time.
eg2:Who teaches you English this years?
eg3:The pazza has gone bad.
（2）谓语动词必须反应出人称，单，复数，时态等信息，谓语动词往往又下列词语依序排列构成：[情态动词]+[时态助动词]（现在完成时）+[语态助动词]（如被动语态）+[主要动词]（不一定全部出现）
（3）不可用形容词，名词，代词，复词，介词短语等独立作谓语，必须在此前加连系动词？？？
2.3 宾语
宾语又称受词，是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语可分为直接宾语和间接宾语
（1）有名词，代词（人称代词要用宾格），不定式，动名词宾语，宾语从句充当，表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”
eg1: The angel alse came to Joseph and told him the same thing.
eh2: He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.
eg3: They enjoy watching football game so much that they often forget their lessons.
eg4:I think to be a children`s docter is very rewarding.
（2）只有及物动词或介词才有宾语，不及物动词没有宾语，如果涉及到事物则必须在不及物动词后加适当的介词。
eg1: Listen to the radio.
（3）宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面，但是疑问句中，如果宾语是疑问词，则宾语放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词，则可放在介词后或句首‘
eg1:What did he see?
eg2:What does he write a letter with?
eg3:With what does he write a letter?
2.4 表语
（1）说明主语的身份，性质，状况等含义的成分。通常有形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，代词等充当。
eg1: He became a doctor after he left hight school.
eg2:The rubber wheels are over there.
eg3:He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.
eg4:Who is it?
（2）表语只能放在系动词（be,look,become,turn,get）之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
（3）形容词做表语
eg1:He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.
2.5 定语
（1）修饰名词或代词的成分，常由形容词，名词（含所有格），代词，介词短语，不定式充当。
eg1:Put it in the top drawer.
eg2:His mother and father are both college teacher.
（2）时间副词（now，then,today,yesterday,...）,地点副词(here,there,in,out,home,....)做定语时放在被修饰词的后面。
eg1: I could not find my way out,so I stayed there all along
（3）介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面
eg1:The monkey in the case wad caught yesterday.
（4）形容词修饰复合不定代词，往往后置
eg1:He remembered everything unusual
（5）定语还可以从句充当。
（6）注意⚠️：由于定语属于修饰的成分，因此他常归入主语，宾语，表语中，不作为句子的主要成分。
2.6 状语
（1）说明动词“何时”，“何地”，“如何”发生，或者说明形容词或副词的程度，一般由副词，介词短语，不定式，状语从句等充当。
eg1: I was not born yesterday.
eg2:For many of these families (修饰new) a college education was something now.
eg3:He woke up to find his house onfire
eg4:You cannot leave until your work is finished.
注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分，常归入谓语，因此不作为句子的主要成分。
2.7 宾语补足语
（1）补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分。分为宾语补充语，常有名词，形容词，动词非谓语形式（不定式，现在分词，过去分词等），介词短语等充当
eg1:Call him Jim
eg2:I tried my best to make him happy.
eg3:Ask her to came to dinner tomorrow
eg4:He let the smaller animals bring food to him
（2）部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以宾语补充语
eg1:Let him in.
eg2: please put it away.
参考：https://wenku.baidu.com/view/75c9e21ab207e87101f69e3143323968001cf416.html