zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • python Day5 模块的学习与应用

     模块介绍 time &datetime模块 random 、os、sys、shutil、json & picle、shelve、xml处理、yaml处理、configparser、hashlib、subprocess、logging模块、re正则表达式 等模块的介绍。

    模块,用一堆代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。

    类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程,函数式编程则完成一个功能,其他代码用来调用即可,提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来,可能需要多个函数才能完成(函数又可以在不同的.py文件中),n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。

    如:os 是系统相关的模块;file是文件操作相关的模块

    模块分为三种:

    • 自定义模块
    • 内置标准模块(又称标准库)
    • 开源模块

    自定义模块 和开源模块的使用参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html

    time & datetime模块

     #_*_coding:utf-8_*_
    
     
     import time
     
     
     # print(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定,mac上测不出来
     # print(time.altzone)  #返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算
     # print(time.asctime()) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
     # print(time.localtime()) #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式
     # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)) #返回utc时间的struc时间对象格式
     
    # print(time.asctime(time.localtime())) #返回时间格式"Fri Aug 19 11:14:16 2016",
     #print(time.ctime()) #返回Fri Aug 19 12:38:29 2016 格式, 同上
    
     # 日期字符串 转成  时间戳
     # string_2_struct = time.strptime("2016/05/22","%Y/%m/%d") #将 日期字符串 转成 struct时间对象格式
     # print(string_2_struct)
    
     # struct_2_stamp = time.mktime(string_2_struct) #将struct时间对象转成时间戳
     # print(struct_2_stamp)
     
     #将时间戳转为字符串格式
     # print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将utc时间戳转换成struct_time格式
     # print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将utc struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式
    
     #时间加减
     import datetime
    
     # print(datetime.datetime.now()) #返回 2016-08-19 12:47:03.941925
     #print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()) )  # 时间戳直接转成日期格式 2016-08-19
     # print(datetime.datetime.now() )
     # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3)) #当前时间+3天
     # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3)) #当前时间-3天
     # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #当前时间+3小时
     # print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30)) #当前时间+30分
    
    # c_time  = datetime.datetime.now()
    # print(c_time.replace(minute=3,hour=2)) #时间替换
    View Code
    DirectiveMeaningNotes
    %a Locale’s abbreviated weekday name.  
    %A Locale’s full weekday name.  
    %b Locale’s abbreviated month name.  
    %B Locale’s full month name.  
    %c Locale’s appropriate date and time representation.  
    %d Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].  
    %H Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].  
    %I Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].  
    %j Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366].  
    %m Month as a decimal number [01,12].  
    %M Minute as a decimal number [00,59].  
    %p Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. (1)
    %S Second as a decimal number [00,61]. (2)
    %U Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
    %w Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6].  
    %W Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. (3)
    %x Locale’s appropriate date representation.  
    %X Locale’s appropriate time representation.  
    %y Year without century as a decimal number [00,99].  
    %Y Year with century as a decimal number.  
    %z Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59].  
    %Z Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists).  
    %% A literal '%' character.

    random模块

    随机数

    mport random
    print random.random()
    print random.randint(1,2)
    print random.randrange(1,10)
    

    生成随机验证码

    import random
    checkcode = ''
    for i in range(4):
        current = random.randrange(0,4)
        if current != i:
            temp = chr(random.randint(65,90))
        else:
            temp = random.randint(0,9)
        checkcode += str(temp)
    print checkcode

    OS模块

    提供对操作系统进行调用的接口

    os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
    os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd
    os.curdir  返回当前目录: ('.')
    os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:('..')
    os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2')    可生成多层递归目录
    os.removedirs('dirname1')    若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推
    os.mkdir('dirname')    生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
    os.rmdir('dirname')    删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
    os.listdir('dirname')    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印
    os.remove()  删除一个文件
    os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
    os.stat('path/filename')  获取文件/目录信息
    os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\",Linux下为"/"
    os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"	
    ",Linux下为"
    "
    os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
    os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
    os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令,直接显示
    os.environ  获取系统环境变量
    os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
    os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
    os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
    os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
    os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False
    os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径,返回True
    os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False
    os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False
    os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
    os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
    os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
    

    更多内容 可参考  https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html?highlight=os#module-os

    sys模块

    sys.argv           命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
    sys.exit(n)        退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
    sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
    sys.maxint         最大的Int值
    sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
    sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称
    sys.stdout.write('please:')
    val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
    

    shutil 模块

    直接参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html

    json & pickle 模块

    用于序列化的两个模块

    • json,用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
    • pickle,用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换

    Json模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

    pickle模块提供了四个功能:dumps、dump、loads、load

    shelve 模块

    shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块,可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式

    import shelve
    
    d = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打开一个文件 
    
    class Test(object):
        def __init__(self,n):
            self.n = n
    
    
    t = Test(123)  
    t2 = Test(123334)
    
    name = ["alex","rain","test"] 
    d["test"] = name #持久化列表
    d["t1"] = t      #持久化类
    d["t2"] = t2
    
    d.close()
    

     

    xml处理模块

    xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议,跟json差不多,但json使用起来更简单,不过,古时候,在json还没诞生的黑暗年代,大家只能选择用xml呀,至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。

    xml的格式如下,就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:

    <?xml version="1.0"?> 
    <data> 
        <country name="Liechtenstein"> 
            <rank updated="yes">2</rank> 
            <year>2008</year> 
            <gdppc>141100</gdppc> 
            <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/> 
            <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/> 
        </country> 
        <country name="Singapore"> 
            <rank updated="yes">5</rank> 
            <year>2011</year> 
            <gdppc>59900</gdppc> 
            <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/> 
        </country> 
        <country name="Panama"> 
            <rank updated="yes">69</rank> 
            <year>2011</year> 
            <gdppc>13600</gdppc> 
            <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/> 
            <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/> 
        </country> 
    </data> 
    View Code

    xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的,在python中可以用以下模块操作xml   

    import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
    root = tree.getroot()
    print(root.tag)
    
    #遍历xml文档
    for child in root:
        print(child.tag, child.attrib)
        for i in child:
            print(i.tag,i.text)
    
    #只遍历year 节点
    for node in root.iter('year'):
        print(node.tag,node.text)
    

    修改和删除xml文档内容

    import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")
    root = tree.getroot()
    
    #修改
    for node in root.iter('year'):
        new_year = int(node.text) + 1
        node.text = str(new_year)
        node.set("updated","yes")
    
    tree.write("xmltest.xml")
    
    
    #删除node
    for country in root.findall('country'):
       rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
       if rank > 50:
         root.remove(country)
    
    tree.write('output.xml')
    

    自己创建xml文档

    import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
    
    
    new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")
    name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})
    age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})
    sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")
    sex.text = '33'
    name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})
    age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")
    age.text = '19'
    
    et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象
    et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)
    
    ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式 
    

    PyYAML模块

    Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式,只不过需要安装一个模块,参考文档:http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation

    ConfigParser模块

    用于生成和修改常见配置文档,当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。

    来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下

    DEFAULT]
    ServerAliveInterval = 45
    Compression = yes
    CompressionLevel = 9
    ForwardX11 = yes
    
    [bitbucket.org]
    User = hg
    
    [topsecret.server.com]
    Port = 50022
    ForwardX11 = no
    #如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢?
    
    import configparser
    
    config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
                          'Compression': 'yes',
                         'CompressionLevel': '9'}
    
    config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
    config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
    config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
    topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
    topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022'     # mutates the parser
    topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no'  # same here
    config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
    with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
       config.write(configfile)
      
    
    #写完了还可以再读出来哈。
    
    >>> import configparser
    >>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()
    >>> config.sections()
    []
    >>> config.read('example.ini')
    ['example.ini']
    >>> config.sections()
    ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com']
    >>> 'bitbucket.org' in config
    True
    >>> 'bytebong.com' in config
    False
    >>> config['bitbucket.org']['User']
    'hg'
    >>> config['DEFAULT']['Compression']
    'yes'
    >>> topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
    >>> topsecret['ForwardX11']
    'no'
    >>> topsecret['Port']
    '50022'
    >>> for key in config['bitbucket.org']: print(key)
    ...
    user
    compressionlevel
    serveraliveinterval
    compression
    forwardx11
    >>> config['bitbucket.org']['ForwardX11']
    'yes'
    #configparser增删改查语法
    
    [section1]
    k1 = v1
    k2:v2
     
    [section2]
    k1 = v1
    
    import ConfigParser
     
    config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
    config.read('i.cfg')
     
    # ########## 读 ##########
    #secs = config.sections()
    #print secs
    #options = config.options('group2')
    #print options
     
    #item_list = config.items('group2')
    #print item_list
     
    #val = config.get('group1','key')
    #val = config.getint('group1','key')
     
    # ########## 改写 ##########
    #sec = config.remove_section('group1')
    #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
     
    #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')
    #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')
    #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
     
     
    #config.set('group2','k1',11111)
    #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
     
    #config.remove_option('group2','age')
    #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
      
    View Code

    hashlib模块 

    用于加密相关的操作,3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块,主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ,MD5 算法

    import hashlib
    
    m = hashlib.md5()
    m.update(b"Hello")
    m.update(b"It's me")
    print(m.digest())
    m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...")
    
    print(m.digest()) #2进制格式hash
    print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash
    '''
    def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """
        pass
    
    def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """
        pass
    
    '''
    import hashlib
    
    # ######## md5 ########
    
    hash = hashlib.md5()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
    
    # ######## sha1 ########
    
    hash = hashlib.sha1()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
    
    # ######## sha256 ########
    
    hash = hashlib.sha256()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
    
    
    # ######## sha384 ########
    
    hash = hashlib.sha384()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
    
    # ######## sha512 ########
    
    hash = hashlib.sha512()
    hash.update('admin')
    print(hash.hexdigest())
    

    还不够吊?python 还有一个 hmac 模块,它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密

    import hmac
    h = hmac.new('wueiqi')
    h.update('hellowo') 
    print h.hexdigest()
    

    更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html

    Subprocess模块

    The subprocess module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several older modules and functions:

    os.system
    os.spawn*

    The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.

    The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to retain compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section.

    subprocess.run(args*stdin=Noneinput=Nonestdout=Nonestderr=Noneshell=Falsetimeout=Nonecheck=False)

    Run the command described by args. Wait for command to complete, then return a CompletedProcess instance.

    The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in Frequently Used Arguments (hence the use of keyword-only notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is largely the same as that of the Popen constructor - apart from timeoutinput and check, all the arguments to this function are passed through to that interface.

    This does not capture stdout or stderr by default. To do so, pass PIPE for the stdout and/or stderr arguments.

    The timeout argument is passed to Popen.communicate(). If the timeout expires, the child process will be killed and waited for. The TimeoutExpired exception will be re-raised after the child process has terminated.

    The input argument is passed to Popen.communicate() and thus to the subprocess’s stdin. If used it must be a byte sequence, or a string if universal_newlines=True. When used, the internal Popen object is automatically created withstdin=PIPE, and the stdin argument may not be used as well.

    If check is True, and the process exits with a non-zero exit code, a CalledProcessError exception will be raised. Attributes of that exception hold the arguments, the exit code, and stdout and stderr if they were captured.

    >>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])  # doesn't capture output
    CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)
    
    >>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1
    
    >>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
    stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null
    ')
    

    调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法,在大多数情况下能满足需求,但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话,你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下:

    p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} ;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    print(p.stdout.read())

    可用参数:

      • args:shell命令,可以是字符串或者序列类型(如:list,元组)
      • bufsize:指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
      • stdin, stdout, stderr:分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
      • preexec_fn:只在Unix平台下有效,用于指定一个可执行对象(callable object),它将在子进程运行之前被调用
      • close_sfs:在windows平台下,如果close_fds被设置为True,则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
        所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
      • shell:同上
      • cwd:用于设置子进程的当前目录
      • env:用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None,子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
      • universal_newlines:不同系统的换行符不同,True -> 同意使用
      • startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
        将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数,用于设置子进程的一些属性,如:主窗口的外观,进程的优先级等等

    终端输入的命令分为两种:

    • 输入即可得到输出,如:ifconfig
    • 输入进行某环境,依赖再输入,如:python

    需要交互的命令示例

    import subprocess
    
    obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    obj.stdin.write('print 1 
     ')
    obj.stdin.write('print 2 
     ')
    obj.stdin.write('print 3 
     ')
    obj.stdin.write('print 4 
     ')
    
    out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)
    print out_error_list
    

    logging模块

    很多程序都有记录日志的需求,并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志,还可能有错误、警告等信息输出,python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口,你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志,logging的日志可以分为 debug()info()warning()error() and critical() 5个级别,下面我们看一下怎么用。

    最简单用法

    import logging
    
    logging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")
    logging.critical("server is down")
    
    #输出
    WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times
    CRITICAL:root:server is down
    

    看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思

    LevelWhen it’s used
    DEBUG Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems.
    INFO Confirmation that things are working as expected.
    WARNING An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected.
    ERROR Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function.
    CRITICAL A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running.

    如果想把日志写到文件里,也很简单

    import logging
    
    logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO) 
    logging.debug('This message should go to the log file')
    logging.info('So should this')
    logging.warning('And this, too')
    

    其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是,把日志纪录级别设置为INFO,也就是说,只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里,在这个例子, 第一条日志是不会被纪录的,如果希望纪录debug的日志,那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。

    logging.basicConfig(filename='example.log',level=logging.INFO) 

    感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦,日志不知道时间怎么行呢,下面就来加上!

    import logging
    logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s %(message)s', datefmt='%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p')
    logging.warning('is when this event was logged.')
    
    #输出
    12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged.
    

      

    如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里,就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了

    The logging library takes a modular approach and offers several categories of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters.

    • Loggers expose the interface that application code directly uses.
    • Handlers send the log records (created by loggers) to the appropriate destination.
    • Filters provide a finer grained facility for determining which log records to output.
    • Formatters specify the layout of log records in the final output.
    import logging
    
    #create logger
    logger = logging.getLogger('TEST-LOG')
    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    
    
    # create console handler and set level to debug
    ch = logging.StreamHandler()
    ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
    
    # create file handler and set level to warning
    fh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")
    fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
    # create formatter
    formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
    
    # add formatter to ch and fh
    ch.setFormatter(formatter)
    fh.setFormatter(formatter)
    
    # add ch and fh to logger
    logger.addHandler(ch)
    logger.addHandler(fh)
    
    # 'application' code
    logger.debug('debug message')
    logger.info('info message')
    logger.warn('warn message')
    logger.error('error message')
    logger.critical('critical message')
    

    re模块

    常用正则表达式符号

    '.'		默认匹配除
    之外的任意一个字符,若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符,包括换行
    '^'		匹配字符开头,若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","
    abc
    eee",flags=re.MULTILINE)
    '$'		匹配字符结尾,或e.search("foo$","bfoo
    sdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以
    '*'		匹配*号前的字符0次或多次,re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  结果为['abb', 'ab', 'a']
    '+'		匹配前一个字符1次或多次,re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果['ab', 'abb']
    '?'		匹配前一个字符1次或0次
    '{m}'	匹配前一个字符m次
    '{n,m}'	匹配前一个字符n到m次,re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果'abb', 'ab', 'abb']
    '|'		匹配|左或|右的字符,re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group()	结果'ABC'
    '(...)' 分组匹配,re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c
    
    
    'A'	只从字符开头匹配,re.search("Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的
    ''	匹配字符结尾,同$
    'd'	匹配数字0-9
    'D'	匹配非数字
    'w'	匹配[A-Za-z0-9]
    'W'	匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]
    's'		匹配空白字符、	、
    、
     , re.search("s+","ab	c1
    3").group() 结果 '	'
    
    '(?P<name>...)' 分组匹配 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{4})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'province': '3714', 'city': '81', 'birthday': '1993'}
    

      

    最常用的匹配语法

    re.match 从头开始匹配
    re.search 匹配包含
    re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
    re.splitall 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符
    re.sub		匹配字符并替换 
    

    反斜杠的困扰
    与大多数编程语言相同,正则表达式里使用""作为转义字符,这就可能造成反斜杠困扰。假如你需要匹配文本中的字符"",那么使用编程语言表示的正则表达式里将需要4个反斜杠"\\":前两个和后两个分别用于在编程语言里转义成反斜杠,转换成两个反斜杠后再在正则表达式里转义成一个反斜杠。Python里的原生字符串很好地解决了这个问题,这个例子中的正则表达式可以使用r"\"表示。同样,匹配一个数字的"\d"可以写成r"d"。有了原生字符串,你再也不用担心是不是漏写了反斜杠,写出来的表达式也更直观。

    仅需轻轻知道的几个匹配模式

    re.I(re.IGNORECASE): 忽略大小写(括号内是完整写法,下同)
    M(MULTILINE): 多行模式,改变'^'和'$'的行为(参见上图)
    S(DOTALL): 点任意匹配模式,改变'.'的行为
    
  • 相关阅读:
    有用的文件(配置文件)
    gulp webpack 区别
    vue ssr
    微信小程序自定义组件
    mpvue 搭建小程序
    【转】DotNet加密方式解析--非对称加密
    java RSA加密算法
    【转】C#中RSA加密解密和签名与验证的实现
    C# 字符串 分割 反转 Base64
    RSA加密算法
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jock911/p/5806474.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看