[Linux]常用命令之【YUM】

1 YUM的简介

• 什么是yum源？
  Yum（全称为 Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一个在Fedora、RedHat/RHEL、SUSE以及CentOS等Linux发行版中的/repo/【Shell】前端【软件包管理器】。

yum源 := yum仓库 := yum管理下的软件源/软件仓库

怎么生动地理解这一点呢？

yum 类同于 CENTOS操作系统的 软件管理器；Web前端开发的 npm 包(依赖)管理软件；Java后端开发的 maven 包(依赖)管理软件。

值得注意的是，CENTOS 8新增了 DNF 包管理器，以取代之前OS版本的 YUM。

2 YUM的常用命令

2.1 查看帮助信息

查看帮助信息[方式1] --> man yum

man yum

查看帮助信息[方式2] --> yum --help

yum --help

[root@node116 repo]# yum --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND

List of Commands:

check          Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update   Check for available package updates
clean          Remove cached data
deplist        List a package's dependencies
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade      downgrade a package
erase          Remove a package or packages from your system
fs             Acts on the filesystem data of the host, mainly for removing docs/lanuages for minimal hosts.
fssnapshot     Creates filesystem snapshots, or lists/deletes current snapshots.
groups         Display, or use, the groups information
help           Display a helpful usage message
history        Display, or use, the transaction history
info           Display details about a package or group of packages
install        Install a package or packages on your system
langavailable  Check available languages
langinfo       List languages information
langinstall    Install appropriate language packs for a language
langlist       List installed languages
langremove     Remove installed language packs for a language
list           List a package or groups of packages
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache      Generate the metadata cache
provides       Find what package provides the given value
reinstall      reinstall a package
repo-pkgs      Treat a repo. as a group of packages, so we can install/remove all of them
repolist       Display the configured software repositories
search         Search package details for the given string
shell          Run an interactive yum shell
swap           Simple way to swap packages, instead of using shell
update         Update a package or packages on your system
update-minimal Works like upgrade, but goes to the 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
updateinfo     Acts on repository update information
upgrade        Update packages taking obsoletes into account
version        Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.


Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -t, --tolerant        be tolerant of errors
  -C, --cacheonly       run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
  -c [config file], --config=[config file]
                        config file location
  -R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
                        maximum command wait time
  -d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
                        debugging output level
  --showduplicates      show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
  -e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
                        error output level
  --rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
                        debugging output level for rpm
  -q, --quiet           quiet operation
  -v, --verbose         verbose operation
  -y, --assumeyes       answer yes for all questions
  --assumeno            answer no for all questions
  --version             show Yum version and exit
  --installroot=[path]  set install root
  --enablerepo=[repo]   enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  --disablerepo=[repo]  disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  -x [package], --exclude=[package]
                        exclude package(s) by name or glob
  --disableexcludes=[repo]
                        disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
                        everything
  --disableincludes=[repo]
                        disable includepkgs for a repo or for everything
  --obsoletes           enable obsoletes processing during updates
  --noplugins           disable Yum plugins
  --nogpgcheck          disable gpg signature checking
  --disableplugin=[plugin]
                        disable plugins by name
  --enableplugin=[plugin]
                        enable plugins by name
  --skip-broken         skip packages with depsolving problems
  --color=COLOR         control whether color is used
  --releasever=RELEASEVER
                        set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
  --downloadonly        don't update, just download
  --downloaddir=DLDIR   specifies an alternate directory to store packages
  --setopt=SETOPTS      set arbitrary config and repo options
  --bugfix              Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
  --security            Include security relevant packages, in updates
  --advisory=ADVS, --advisories=ADVS
                        Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
                        updates
  --bzs=BZS             Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
                        updates
  --cves=CVES           Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
                        updates
  --sec-severity=SEVS, --secseverity=SEVS
                        Include security relevant packages matching the
                        severity, in updates

  Plugin Options:

2.2 查看 当前主机配置的yum源(软件仓库)列表

yum repolist

yum repolist enabled
  # 列出你当前系统【已启用】的yum repo

2.3 重建 yum 软件源的缓存

在更新yum源或者出现配置yum源之后，通常都会使用yum makecache 生成缓存。

把服务器的rpm软件包信息提前下载到本地主机缓存起来，用来提高搜索安装软件的速度
以后用install时就在缓存中搜索，提高了速度。

yum makecache
yum makecache fast
yum makecache all

2.4 更新 yum 源

yum update -y --skip-broken

2.5 清除 yum 软件源的缓存

yum 会把下载的软件包和header存储在cache中而不自动删除。如果觉得占用磁盘空间，可以使用yum clean指令清除缓存。

yum clean all

2.6 搜索软件包

查看指定软件包的详细信息

[root@govern ~]# yum info libcurl
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * c6-media: 
file:///media/CentOS/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] Could not open/read file:///media/CentOS/repodata/repomd.xml
尝试其他镜像。
file:///media/cdrecorder/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] Could not open/read file:///media/cdrecorder/repodata/repomd.xml
尝试其他镜像。
c6-media                                                                                                                                          | 4.0 kB     00:00 ... 
已安装的软件包
Name        : libcurl
Arch        : x86_64
Version     : 7.19.7
Release     : 52.el6
Size        : 339 k
Repo        : installed
From repo   : anaconda-CentOS-201605220104.x86_64
Summary     : A library for getting files from web servers
URL         : http://curl.haxx.se/
License     : MIT
Description : This package provides a way for applications to use FTP, HTTP, Gopher and
            : other servers for getting files.

可安装的软件包
Name        : libcurl
Arch        : i686
Version     : 7.19.7
Release     : 52.el6
Size        : 176 k
Repo        : c6-media
Summary     : A library for getting files from web servers
URL         : http://curl.haxx.se/
License     : MIT
Description : This package provides a way for applications to use FTP, HTTP, Gopher and
            : other servers for getting files.

搜索软件包

yum search 软件包

yum -C search "关键词"

查看包的多个版本

yum list [package] --showduplicates

搜索指定软件的包依赖信息

[root@govern ~]# yum deplist curl
已加载插件：fastestmirror
查找依赖：
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * c6-media: 
软件包：curl.x86_64 7.19.7-52.el6
   依赖: libssh2.so.1()(64bit)
   provider: libssh2.x86_64 1.4.2-2.el6_7.1
   依赖: libz.so.1()(64bit)
   provider: zlib.x86_64 1.2.3-29.el6
   依赖: libkrb5.so.3()(64bit)
   provider: krb5-libs.x86_64 1.10.3-57.el6
   依赖: libldap-2.4.so.2()(64bit)
   provider: openldap.x86_64 2.4.40-12.el6
   依赖: libpthread.so.0()(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libgssapi_krb5.so.2()(64bit)
   provider: krb5-libs.x86_64 1.10.3-57.el6
   依赖: libpthread.so.0(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libcurl.so.4()(64bit)
   provider: libcurl.x86_64 7.19.7-52.el6
   依赖: libnssutil3.so()(64bit)
   provider: nss-util.x86_64 3.21.0-2.el6
   依赖: libk5crypto.so.3()(64bit)
   provider: krb5-libs.x86_64 1.10.3-57.el6
   依赖: libplc4.so()(64bit)
   provider: nspr.x86_64 4.11.0-1.el6
   依赖: librt.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libplds4.so()(64bit)
   provider: nspr.x86_64 4.11.0-1.el6
   依赖: libdl.so.2()(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libnss3.so()(64bit)
   provider: nss.x86_64 3.21.0-8.el6
   依赖: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.7)(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libcom_err.so.2()(64bit)
   provider: libcom_err.x86_64 1.41.12-22.el6
   依赖: librt.so.1()(64bit)
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libssl3.so()(64bit)
   provider: nss.x86_64 3.21.0-8.el6
   依赖: libsmime3.so()(64bit)
   provider: nss.x86_64 3.21.0-8.el6
   依赖: libnspr4.so()(64bit)
   provider: nspr.x86_64 4.11.0-1.el6
   依赖: libidn.so.11()(64bit)
   provider: libidn.x86_64 1.18-2.el6
   依赖: rtld(GNU_HASH)
   provider: glibc.i686 2.12-1.192.el6
   provider: glibc.x86_64 2.12-1.192.el6
   依赖: libcurl = 7.19.7-52.el6
   provider: libcurl.x86_64 7.19.7-52.el6
   provider: libcurl.i686 7.19.7-52.el6

2.7 安装 软件包

yum install 软件包
yum -y install httpd

yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=[download_dir] [package]
  通过此命令来只下载包，但不安装包

yum localinstall /path/*.rpm
  # 通过yum管理器，安装本地rpm包

2.8 卸载/移除 软件包

yum remove 软件包名

Y 公网YUM源

• CENTOS 官方主页
  https://www.centos.org/

• CENTOS 邮件列表
  https://wiki.centos.org/zh/GettingHelp/ListInfo

• CENTOS 论坛
  https://forums.centos.org/

• CENTOS 文档
  https://docs.centos.org/

• CENTOS Wiki
  https://wiki.centos.org/zh/

• CENTOS 镜像列表
  https://www.centos.org/download/mirrors/

阿里云 yum源/镜像站

• repo配置文件列表 - aliyun

• base

  • http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/#releasever/os/#basearch/

• updates

  • http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/#releasever/updates/#basearch/

• extras

  • http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/#releasever/extras/#basearch/

• centosplus

  • http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/#releasever/centosplus/#basearch/

• contrib

  • http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/#releasever/contrib/#basearch/

清华 yum源/镜像站

• 清华镜像站使用帮助 - tsinghua

• https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/

base
  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/

updates
  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/

extras
  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/

centosplus
  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/

中国科技大学 yum源/镜像站

• 镜像站帮助说明 - ustc

https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/

163 yum源/镜像站

https://mirrors.163.com/centos/

银河麒麟 V10 高级版 OS(基于CENTOS)的YUM源

• 银河麒麟 V10 高级版 OS(基于CENTOS)的YUM源
  • base
  • updates
  • addons

X 参考文献

• [Linux]CentOS7搭建/配置：YUM仓库/源[本地源/Web源(Apache HTTP(D))/自建源仓库] - 博客园/千千寰宇 【推荐】
• [Linux]CentOS查看RPM包依赖问题 - 博客园/千千寰宇
• yum makecache fast 和yum clean all - CSDN
• http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos