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  • python开发mysql:单表查询&多表查询

    一 单表查询,以下是表内容

      1 一 having 过滤
      2 1.1 having和where
      3     select * from emp where id > 15;
      4     解析过程;from > where 找到数据 > 分组(没有默认一个组)> select 打印   where是出结果之前
      5     select * from emp having id > 15;
      6     解析过程;from > where 找到数据(没有约束条件,就是整个表)) > 分组(没有默认一个组)> select 打印 > having   where是出结果之后
      7     上面2个输出是一样的,因为没有分组
      8     select depart_id,count(id) from emp group by depart_id; 分组完后3个组,就是3个记录,就要通过聚合取值,通过分组字段取值
      9 
     10     select depart_id,count(id) from emp group by depart_id where depart_id=1; 报错,这里改成having就好了
     11     from emp group by depart_id 得出一张虚拟的表在内存里面,有2个字段depart_id,count(id)
     12     在往后接就是针对这块虚拟的表,也就是where针对的是这个虚拟表,所以报错,因为where针对的是硬盘表
     13 
     14     小结;where和having的区别
     15           where是约束来自数据库的数据,是返回结果之前起作用的,从硬盘把数据where约束拿到内存,在分组之前
     16           having是过滤声明,是结果已经到内存,在分组之后
     17 
     18 
     19 
     20 1.2 聚合 把内容压成一个字段一条记录
     21     select depart_id,count(id) from emp group by depart_id having name like 'ego%'; 报错,结果针对虚拟表,只有depart_id,count(id)2个字段
     22     select depart_id,count(id) from emp group by depart_id having count(id) > 2; 在having里面的聚合最后就是字符串字段
     23     from > where > groupby > 聚合  > select > having
     24     select count(id) from emp where id > 15;   解析 from > where > groupby(默认是一组) > 聚合 > select
     25     select count(id) from emp; 解析 from > where (没有约束条件,就是整个表) > groupby(默认是一组) > 聚合 > select
     26     select count(id) from emp having id > 15; 报错 解析 因为having是groupby后的结果,只有count(id)这个字段
     27     select * from emp having avg(salary) > 10000; 报错 聚合把内容压成一个字段一条记录,这条记录的名字是avg(salary)
     28     select avg(salary) from emp;
     29     select max(salary) from emp having avg(salary) > 10000;
     30     解析 from > where (没有约束条件,就是整个表) > groupby(默认是一组) > 聚合max > 聚合avg > select > having
     31     也就是过滤针对的是select打印做出的限制,限制为真,就打印select,否则为空
     32     select 10000 from emp having 20000 > 10000;  从表中拿到数据,然后where,groupby然后判断过滤后面的,如果为真,就输出select
     33 
     34     **顺序
     35     select max(salary) from emp where id > 2 group by depart_id having avg(salary) > 10000;
     36     from emp > where id>2 到内存 > group by depart_id 只有depart_id字段(select只能靠聚合) > 算出结果max(salary) avg(salary) > having 满足 > select
     37     depart_id  max(id)  avg(salary)
     38     1          3        10
     39     2          1        11
     40 
     41 1.3 练习
     42     1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
     43         select post,count(id),group_concat(name) from emp group by post having count(id) < 2;
     44     3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
     45         select post,avg(salary),group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
     46         select post 部门,avg(salary) 平均工资,group_concat(name) 职工 from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
     47     3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
     48         select post,avg(salary),group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) between 10000 and 20000);
     49 
     50 
     51 
     52 二 order by  关键字 排序 默认升序,asc
     53 2.1 select * from emp order by salary; 按照薪资排序,从小到大,升序
     54     select * from emp order by salary asc; 升序
     55     select * from emp order by salary desc; 降序
     56 
     57     年龄从小到大,出现相同再按照薪资去排
     58     select * from emp order by age,salary;
     59     select * from emp order by age(asc,desc),salary(asc,desc);
     60 
     61 2.2 优先级
     62     在having后面执行的,对打印出来的限制,也就是在select之前
     63 
     64 2.3 练习
     65     1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
     66         select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
     67     2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
     68         select post 岗位名,avg(salary) 平均工资 from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by 平均工资 asc;
     69     3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
     70         select post 岗位名,avg(salary) 平均工资 from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by 平均工资 desc;
     71 
     72 ** select name from emp where id > 5 having id > 16;
     73 ** select 后面决定了有什么字段,having,等限制打印的一定要限制后面的字段,不然就报错,因为没有这个字段
     74 
     75 
     76 三 limit 限制查询记录数
     77 3.1 select * from emp limit 3; 打印升序(默认就是升序)前三条
     78     select * from emp order by id desc limit 3;打印后三条
     79 
     80 3.2 分页查询,从哪开始,往后取几条
     81     select * from emp limit 0,3; 0代表第一条,3代表查询几条
     82     select * from emp limit 3,3; 3代表第四条
     83     select * from emp limit 6,3;
     84 
     85 四 使用正则表达式查询
     86 4.1 like 模糊查询,% 匹配多个 _ 匹配一个
     87     select * from emp where name like 'eg%';
     88     select * from emp where name like '_g%';
     89 
     90 4.2 正则 regexp 支持正则匹配
     91     select * from emp where name regexp '^eg';
     92     select * from emp where name regexp 'eg';
     93 
     94 
     95 五 distinct 去重
     96     select distinct sex from emp;
     97 
     98 六 数学运算符
     99     select name,salary from emp; 每个人名字,薪资
    100     select name,salary*12 年薪 from emp;

    二 多表查询,一下是表内容

     1 多表查询
     2 一  简单查询 多张表 提取相同的 假设department id 和 employee dep_id 关联
     3 1.1 select * from department,employee; 结果显示一张表上,是左右字段一次排开拼接这种
     4     遍历第一张表,循环第二张,配对一遍,显示出来,拼接方式叫做 笛卡尔积
     5     select * from department,employee where department.id=employee.dep_id;
     6     select * from employee,department where department.id=employee.dep_id;  提取2表相同的部分
     7 
     8 
     9 二  连表操作
    10 2.1 内链接 inner join department on
    11     按照on条件只取2表的相同部分,链接成一张虚拟的表
    12     select * from employee inner join department on department.id=employee.dep_id;   提取2表相同的部分
    13 
    14 2.2 左链接 left join department on
    15     按照on条件取2表的相同部分基础上,保留左表有,右边没有的记录
    16     select * from employee left join department on department.id=employee.dep_id;
    17 
    18 2.3 右链接 right join department on
    19     按照on条件取2表的相同部分基础上,保留右表有,左边没有的记录
    20     select * from employee right join department on department.id=employee.dep_id;
    21 
    22 2.4 全链接 full join 在mysql里面没有这个功能,只是个概念,还要考左,右链接拼凑出来
    23     有对应关系,和没对应关系的都取出来
    24     select * from employee left join department on department.id=employee.dep_id
    25     union                 联合的意思,将2表联合,去掉重复的部分
    26     select * from employee right join department on department.id=employee.dep_id;
    27 
    28 **  优先级
    29     from > join on 后面的条件联合 > where > gourp by > 聚合 > having > order by > limit > select
    30 
    31 三  子查询
    32 3.1 带in关键字的子查询
    33     select id from department where name in ('技术','销售');  查看2个部门的d
    34     select * from employee where dep_id in (200.202);  查询部门id对应的员工
    35     问题;怎么知道员工的id,应该是从部门表得到id
    36     select * from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name in ('技术','销售'));
    37 
    38 3.2 练习
    39     1. 查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
    40         select name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
    41     2. 查看技术部员工姓名
    42         select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术');
    43     3. 查看人数小于2的部门,不准确,因为还有空的存在,看 4 544         select name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(dep_id) < 2);
    45     4. 提取空部门,就是没有人的部门
    46         select distinct dep_id from employee; 去重,有人的部门
    47         select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);  非有人的部门,空部门
    48     5. 查看人数小于2的部门,但是有空的情况
    49         select name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(dep_id) < 2)
    50         union
    51         select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee); 没有人的部门
    52 
    53         或者:
    54         select name from department where id in
    55         (
    56         select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) < 2
    57         union
    58         select id from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee)
    59         );
    60 
    61 3.3  exists存在,判断
    62     select * from employee where exists (select id from department where name='技术');
    63     select id from department where name='技术' 存在 就打印前面的select,不存在就返回空
    64 
    65 **  子查询,括号内的查询都要select出2表相同的字段,这样才可以,语法:查询 where 相同字段 in 子查询

    三 总结&表创建过程

     1 总结;
     2 查询语法
     3 SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
     4                   JOIN ON
     5                   WHERE 条件
     6                   GROUP BY field
     7                   HAVING 筛选
     8                   ORDER BY field
     9                   LIMIT 限制条数
    10 
    11 关键字的执行优先级
    12 from
    13 join on
    14 where
    15 ---------------
    16 group by
    17 ---------------
    18 聚合
    19 having
    20 select
    21 ---------------
    22 限制打印
    23 distinct
    24 order by
    25 limit

    单表创建

     1 #创建表
     2 create table employee(
     3 id int not null unique auto_increment,
     4 name varchar(20) not null,
     5 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
     6 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
     7 hire_date date not null,
     8 post varchar(50),
     9 post_comment varchar(100),
    10 salary double(15,2),
    11 office int, #一个部门一个屋子
    12 depart_id int
    13 );
    14 
    15 #插入记录
    16 #三个部门:教学,销售,运营
    17 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
    18 ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
    19 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
    20 ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
    21 ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
    22 ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
    23 ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
    24 ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
    25 ('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
    26 
    27 ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
    28 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
    29 ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
    30 ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
    31 ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
    32 
    33 ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
    34 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
    35 ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
    36 ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
    37 ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
    38 ;

    多表创建

     1 多表查询
     2 整体是一个数据,方便管理,节省空间拆成不同的表
     3 company.employee
     4 company.department
     5 
     6 ==============================被关联表
     7 创建 被关联表
     8 create table department(
     9 id int,
    10 name varchar(20)
    11 )charset utf8;
    12 插入数据
    13 insert into department values
    14 (200,'技术'),
    15 (201,'人力资源'),
    16 (202,'销售'),
    17 (203,'运营');
    18 
    19 
    20 ===============================关联表
    21 创建 关联表
    22 create table employee(
    23 id int primary key auto_increment,
    24 name varchar(20),
    25 sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
    26 age int,
    27 dep_id int
    28 )charset utf8;
    29 插入数据
    30 insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
    31 ('egon','male',18,200),
    32 ('alex','female',48,201),
    33 ('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
    34 ('yuanhao','female',28,202),
    35 ('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
    36 ('jingliyang','female',18,204)
    37 ;
    38 
    39 ** 暂时不加入外键,如果假如外键,关联表在拆入数据的时候,插入204,上面的表没有下面的表对应关系
    40    上有下没有,下有上没有,就会报错
    41    上表有203下面没有,下面204上面没有
    42 ** 虽然没有外键,咱们假设department id 和 employee dep_id 关联
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jokerbj/p/7499245.html
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