1. 泛型
泛型在我的理解里,就是可以泛化到多种基本的数据类型,例如整数、浮点数、字符和布尔类型以及自己定义的结构体。而容器就是提供能够填充任意类型的数据的数据结构。例如vector就很类似于python中的list。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T> // 模板
T min(T a[], int n)
{
int i;
T minv = a[0];
for (i = 1; i < n; i++) // n-1次
{
// n为数组长
if (minv > a[i])
{
minv = a[i];
}
}
return minv;
}
int main()
{
int a[] = {8, 10, 0, 1, 7, 4, 9, 6, 11};
double b[] = {1.2, -3.4, 6.9, 7.2, 8.9};
cout << "a数组的最小值为:" << min(a, 9) << endl;
cout << "b数组的最小值为:" << min(b, 5) << endl;
return 0;
}
2. 容器
Vector支持push、pop等操作
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector <int> v1;
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(2);
//迭代器
v1.insert(v1.begin(), 0);//头部插入
v1.insert(v1.end(), 4); //尾部插入
v1.insert(v1.end()-1, 3);//倒数第二位置
v1[4] = 10; //v1[5] = 6;越界错误
for (int i=0; i<v1.size(); i++) {
cout << v1[i] << ' ';
}
cout << endl;
v1.pop_back(); //删除尾部 10
v1.erase(v1.begin()); //删除头 0
v1.erase(v1.begin(), v1.end()); //全删
cout << "全删后:"; // v1.clear();
for (int i=0; i<v1.size(); i++) {
cout << v1[i] << ' ';
}
vector <string> v;
v.push_back("food");
v.push_back("candy");
v.push_back("apple");
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
vector <string>::iterator it; //迭代器
for (it=v.begin(); it!=v.end(); it++) {
cout << *it << " ";
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <string.h>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> obj; //创建一个向量存储容器 int(定义了一系列操作的动态数组
for (int i=0; i<20; i++) // push_back(elem)在数组最后添加数据
{
obj.push_back(i);
cout << obj[i] << ",";
}
cout << "
max_size:" << obj.max_size() << ",";
cout << "
capacity:" << obj.capacity() << ",";
cout << "
size:" << obj.size() << ",";
cout << "
empty:" << obj.empty() << ",";
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) //去掉数组最后一个数据
{
obj.pop_back();
}
obj.push_back(10);
obj.push_back(30);
reverse(obj.begin(), obj.end()); //从大到小
cout << "
从大到小 :" << endl;
for (int i=0; i<obj.size(); i++)
{
cout << obj[i] << ",";
}
cout << "
" << endl;
cout << "从小到大:" << endl;
sort(obj.begin(), obj.end()); //从小到大
for (int i=0; i<obj.size(); i++)
{
cout << obj[i] << ",";
}
cout << "
清除容器:" << endl;
obj.clear(); //清除容器中所以数据
for (int i=0; i<obj.size(); i++)
{
cout << obj[i] << endl;
}
cout<<"
"<<endl;
cout << "实际数据个数 :" << endl;
for (int i=0; i<obj.size(); i++) //size()容器中实际数据个数
{
cout << obj[i] << ",";
}
//方法一
obj.push_back(112);
obj.push_back(120);
obj.push_back(112);
cout << "直接利用数组:";
for (int i=0; i<obj.size(); i++)
{
cout << obj[i] << " ";
}
cout << ", obj[2]=" << obj[2];
cout<<endl;
cout<<"利用迭代器:" ;
//方法二,使用迭代器将容器中数据输出(就是指针)
vector<int>::iterator it;//声明一个迭代器,来访问vector容器,作用:遍历或者指向vector容器的元素
for( it=obj.begin(); it != obj.end(); it++)
{
cout << *it << " ";
}
return 0;
}
3. 使用模板实现泛型类型的函数和类
/* 使用模板实现泛型类型的函数和类 */
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Stack {
private:
vector<T> elems; // 元素
public:
void push(T const&); // 入栈
void pop(); // 出栈
T top() const; // 返回栈顶元素
bool empty() const{ // 如果为空则返回真。
return elems.empty();
}
};
template <class T>
void Stack<T>::push (T const& elem)
{
// 追加传入元素的副本
elems.push_back(elem);
}
template <class T>
void Stack<T>::pop ()
{
if (elems.empty()) {
throw out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): empty stack");
}
// 删除最后一个元素
elems.pop_back();
}
template <class T>
T Stack<T>::top () const
{
if (elems.empty()) {
throw out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): empty stack");
}
// 返回最后一个元素的副本
return elems.back();
}
/* 模板函数 */
template <typename T>
inline T const& Max (T const& a, T const& b)
{
return a < b ? b:a;
}
int main()
{
int i = 39;
int j = 20;
cout << "Max(i, j): " << Max(i, j) << endl;
double f1 = 13.5;
double f2 = 20.7;
cout << "Max(f1, f2): " << Max(f1, f2) << endl;
string s1 = "Hello";
string s2 = "World";
cout << "Max(s1, s2): " << Max(s1, s2) << endl;
try {
Stack<int> intStack; // int 类型的栈
Stack<string> stringStack; // string 类型的栈
// 操作 int 类型的栈
intStack.push(7);
cout << intStack.top() <<endl;
// 操作 string 类型的栈
stringStack.push("hello");
cout << stringStack.top() << std::endl;
stringStack.pop();
stringStack.pop();
}
catch (exception const& ex) {
cerr << "Exception: " << ex.what() <<endl;
return -1;
}
}
4. 其他容器stack, map
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <map>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
stack <int> s;
s.push(1);
s.push(2);
s.push(3);
s.push(4);
s.push(11);
cout << "top of the stack:" << s.top() << endl;
cout << "the number of elements:" << s.size() << endl;
cout << "process of pop:" << endl;
while (s.empty() != true) // stack isn't empty
{ cout << " ";
cout << s.top() << endl; //read the top of the stack
s.pop(); // pop, and delete the top
}
// key value
map <int, string> StuInfo;
StuInfo.insert(pair <int, string> (1, "Tom"));
StuInfo.insert(pair <int, string> (5, "Jack"));
StuInfo[2] = "Lily";
StuInfo[7] = "Bruce";
map <int, string>::iterator it; // 指针
for (it=StuInfo.begin(); it!=StuInfo.end(); it++)
{
cout << (*it).first << " " << (*it).second << endl;
}
return 0;
}
了解C++常用容器,方便刷题。