Go context 介绍和使用

context 上下文管理

context 翻译过来就是上下文管理，主要作用有两个：

• 控制 goroutine 的超时
• 保存上下文数据

WithTimeout

通过下面的一个简单的 http 例子进行理解

demo：

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
    "net/http"
    "context"
    "io/ioutil"
)


type Result struct{
    r *http.Response
    err error
}

func process(){
    ctx,cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(),2*time.Second)
    defer cancel()
    tr := &http.Transport{}
    client := &http.Client{Transport:tr}
    c := make(chan Result,1)
    req,err := http.NewRequest("GET","http://www.google.com",nil)
    if err != nil{
        fmt.Println("http request failed,err:",err)
        return
    }
    // 如果请求成功了会将数据存入到管道中
    go func(){
        resp,err := client.Do(req)
        pack := Result{resp,err}
        c <- pack
    }()

    select{
    case <- ctx.Done():
        tr.CancelRequest(req)
        fmt.Println("timeout!")
    case res := <-c:
        defer res.r.Body.Close()
        out,_:= ioutil.ReadAll(res.r.Body)
        fmt.Printf("server response:%s",out)
    }
    return

}

func main() {
    process()
}

WithValue

再写一个 context 保存上下文

demo：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
)

func add(ctx context.Context,a,b int) int {
    traceId := ctx.Value("trace_id").(string)
    fmt.Printf("trace_id:%v
",traceId)
    return a+b
}

func calc(ctx context.Context,a, b int) int{
    traceId := ctx.Value("trace_id").(string)
    fmt.Printf("trace_id:%v
",traceId)
    //再将ctx传入到add中
    return add(ctx,a,b)
}

func main() {
    //将ctx传递到calc中
    ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(),"trace_id","123456")
    ret := calc(ctx,20,30)
    fmt.Printf("%d", ret)
}

运行结果：

trace_id:123456
trace_id:123456
50

WithCancel 

关于 context 官网上也有一个例子非常有用，用来控制开启的 goroutine 的退出释放

demo：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
)

func main() {
    // gen generates integers in a separate goroutine and
    // sends them to the returned channel.
    // The callers of gen need to cancel the context once
    // they are done consuming generated integers not to leak
    // the internal goroutine started by gen.
    gen := func(ctx context.Context) <-chan int {
        dst := make(chan int)
        n := 1
        go func() {
            for {
                select {
                case <-ctx.Done():
                    return // returning not to leak the goroutine
                case dst <- n:
                    n++
                }
            }
        }()
        return dst
    }

    ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
    defer cancel() // cancel when we are finished consuming integers

    for n := range gen(ctx) {
        fmt.Println(n)
        if n == 5 {
            break
        }
    }
}

WithDeadline

关于官网中的 WithDeadline 演示的代码例子

demo：

package main
import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "time"
)

func main() {
    d := time.Now().Add(50 * time.Millisecond)
    ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), d)

    // Even though ctx will be expired, it is good practice to call its
    // cancelation function in any case. Failure to do so may keep the
    // context and its parent alive longer than necessary.
    defer cancel()

    select {
    case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
        fmt.Println("overslept")
    case <-ctx.Done():
        fmt.Println(ctx.Err())
    }

}

运行结果：

context deadline exceeded

ending ~