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  • .NET Core开发日志——RequestDelegate

    本文主要是对.NET Core开发日志——Middleware的补遗,但是会从看起来平平无奇的RequestDelegate开始叙述,所以以其作为标题,也是合情合理。

    RequestDelegate是一种委托类型,其全貌为public delegate Task RequestDelegate(HttpContext context),MSDN上对它的解释,"A function that can process an HTTP request."——处理HTTP请求的函数。唯一参数,是最熟悉不过的HttpContext,返回值则是表示请求处理完成的异步操作类型。

    可以将其理解为ASP.NET Core中对一切HTTP请求处理的抽象(委托类型本身可视为函数模板,其实现具有统一的参数列表及返回值类型),没有它整个框架就失去了对HTTP请求的处理能力。

    并且它也是构成Middleware的基石。或者更准确地说参数与返回值都是其的Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>委托类型正是维持Middleware运转的核心齿轮。

    组装齿轮的地方位于ApplicationBuilder类之内,其中包含着所有齿轮的集合。

    private readonly IList<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>> _components = new List<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>>();
    

    以及添加齿轮的方法:

    public IApplicationBuilder Use(Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> middleware)
    {
        _components.Add(middleware);
        return this;
    }
    

    在Startup类的Configure方法里调用以上ApplicationBuilder的Use方法,就可以完成一个最简单的Middleware。

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Use(_ =>
        {
            return context =>
            {
                return context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
            };
            
        });
    }
    

    齿轮要想变成Middleware,在完成添加后,还需要经过组装。

    public RequestDelegate Build()
    {
        RequestDelegate app = context =>
        {
            context.Response.StatusCode = 404;
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        };
    
        foreach (var component in _components.Reverse())
        {
            app = component(app);
        }
    
        return app;
    }
    

    Build方法里先定义了最底层的零件——app,context => { context.Response.StatusCode = 404; return Task.CompletedTask; },这段代码意味着,如果没有添加任何Middleware的话,ASP.NET Core站点启动后,会直接出现404的错误。

    接下的一段,遍历倒序排列的齿轮,开始正式组装。

    在上述例子里,只使用了一个齿轮:

    _ =>
    {
        return context =>
        {
            return context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
        };
        
    }
    

    那么第一次也是最后一次循环后,执行 component(app)操作,app被重新赋值为:

    context => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
    

    组装的结果便是app的值。

    这个组装过程在WebHost进行BuildApplication时开始操作。从此方法的返回值类型可以看出,虽然明义上是创建Application,其实生成的是RequestDelegate。

    private RequestDelegate BuildApplication()
    {
        try
        {
            ...
    
            var builderFactory = _applicationServices.GetRequiredService<IApplicationBuilderFactory>();
            var builder = builderFactory.CreateBuilder(Server.Features);
            ...
            Action<IApplicationBuilder> configure = _startup.Configure;
            ...
    
            configure(builder);
    
            return builder.Build();
        }
        ...
    }    
    

    而这个RequestDelegate最终会在HostingApplication类的ProcessRequestAsync方法里被调用。

    public virtual async Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        ...
    
        var application = BuildApplication();
    
        ...
        var hostingApp = new HostingApplication(application, _logger, diagnosticSource, httpContextFactory);
        ...
    }    
    
    public HostingApplication(
        RequestDelegate application,
        ILogger logger,
        DiagnosticListener diagnosticSource,
        IHttpContextFactory httpContextFactory)
    {
        _application = application;
        _diagnostics = new HostingApplicationDiagnostics(logger, diagnosticSource);
        _httpContextFactory = httpContextFactory;
    }
    
    public Task ProcessRequestAsync(Context context)
    {
        return _application(context.HttpContext);
    }
    

    上例中的执行结果即是显示Hello, World!字符。

    404的错误不再出现,意味着这种Middleware只会完成自己对HTTP请求的处理,并不会将请求传至下一层的Middleware。

    要想达成不断传递请求的目的,需要使用另一种Use扩展方法。

    public static IApplicationBuilder Use(this IApplicationBuilder app, Func<HttpContext, Func<Task>, Task> middleware)
    {
        return app.Use(next =>
        {
            return context =>
            {
                Func<Task> simpleNext = () => next(context);
                return middleware(context, simpleNext);
            };
        });
    }
    

    在实际代码中可以这么写:

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
            await next.Invoke();
        });
    
        app.Use(_ =>
        {
            return context =>
            {
                return context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
            };
        });
    }
    

    现在多了个Middleware,继续上面的组装过程。app的值最终被赋值为:

    async context =>
    {
        Func<Task> simpleNext = () => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!"); 
    
        await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
        await simpleNext.Invoke();
    };
    

    显示结果为:

    I am a Middleware!
    Hello, World!
    

    下面的流程图中可以清楚地说明这个过程。

    如果把await next.Invoke()注释掉的话,

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
            //await next.Invoke();
        });
    
        app.Use(_ =>
        {
            return context =>
            {
                return context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
            };
    
        });
    }
    

    上例中第一个Middleware处理完后,不会继续交给第二个Middleware处理。注意以下simpleNext的方法只被定义而没有被调用。

    async context =>
    {
        Func<Task> simpleNext = () => context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!"); 
    
        await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
    };
    

    这种情况被称为短路(short-circuiting)。

    做短路处理的Middleware一般会放在所有Middleware的最后,以作为整个pipeline的终点。

    并且更常见的方式是用Run扩展方法。

    public static void Run(this IApplicationBuilder app, RequestDelegate handler)
    {
        ...
    
        app.Use(_ => handler);
    }
    

    所以可以把上面例子的代码改成下面的形式:

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
            await next.Invoke();
        });
    
        app.Run(async context =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
        });
    }
    

    除了短路之外,Middleware处理时还可以有分支的情况。

    public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
    {
        app.Map("/branch1", ab => {
            ab.Run(async context =>
            {
                await context.Response.WriteAsync("Map branch 1");
            });
        });
    
        app.Map("/branch2", ab => {
            ab.Run(async context =>
            {
                await context.Response.WriteAsync("Map branch 2");
            });
        });
    
        app.Use(async (context, next) =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("I am a Middleware!
    ");
            await next.Invoke();
        });
    
        app.Run(async context =>
        {
            await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello, World!");
        });
    }
    

    URL地址后面跟着branch1时:

    URL地址后面跟着branch2时:

    其它情况下:

    Map扩展方法的代码实现:

    public static IApplicationBuilder Map(this IApplicationBuilder app, PathString pathMatch, Action<IApplicationBuilder> configuration)
    {
        ...
    
        // create branch
        var branchBuilder = app.New();
        configuration(branchBuilder);
        var branch = branchBuilder.Build();
    
        var options = new MapOptions
        {
            Branch = branch,
            PathMatch = pathMatch,
        };
        return app.Use(next => new MapMiddleware(next, options).Invoke);
    }
    

    创建分支的办法就是重新实例化一个ApplicationBuilder。

    public IApplicationBuilder New()
    {
        return new ApplicationBuilder(this);
    }
    

    对分支的处理则是封装在MapMiddleware类之中。

    public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {
        ...
    
        PathString matchedPath;
        PathString remainingPath;
    
        if (context.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments(_options.PathMatch, out matchedPath, out remainingPath))
        {
            // Update the path
            var path = context.Request.Path;
            var pathBase = context.Request.PathBase;
            context.Request.PathBase = pathBase.Add(matchedPath);
            context.Request.Path = remainingPath;
    
            try
            {
                await _options.Branch(context);
            }
            finally
            {
                context.Request.PathBase = pathBase;
                context.Request.Path = path;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            await _next(context);
        }
    }
    

    说到MapMiddleware,不得不提及各种以Use开头的扩展方法,比如UseStaticFiles,UseMvc,UsePathBase等等。

    这些方法内部都会调用UseMiddleware方法以使用各类定制的Middleware类。如下面UsePathBase的代码:

    public static IApplicationBuilder UsePathBase(this IApplicationBuilder app, PathString pathBase)
    {
        ...
    
        // Strip trailing slashes
        pathBase = pathBase.Value?.TrimEnd('/');
        if (!pathBase.HasValue)
        {
            return app;
        }
    
        return app.UseMiddleware<UsePathBaseMiddleware>(pathBase);
    }
    

    而从UseMiddleware方法中可以获知,Middleware类需满足两者条件之一才能被有效使用。其一是实现IMiddleware,其二,必须有Invoke或者InvokeAsync方法,且方法至少要有一个HttpContext类型参数(它还只能是放第一个),同时返回值需要是Task类型。

    internal const string InvokeMethodName = "Invoke";
    internal const string InvokeAsyncMethodName = "InvokeAsync";
    
    public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app, Type middleware, params object[] args)
    {
        if (typeof(IMiddleware).GetTypeInfo().IsAssignableFrom(middleware.GetTypeInfo()))
        {
            ...
    
            return UseMiddlewareInterface(app, middleware);
        }
    
        var applicationServices = app.ApplicationServices;
        return app.Use(next =>
        {
            var methods = middleware.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
            var invokeMethods = methods.Where(m =>
                string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal)
                || string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeAsyncMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal)
                ).ToArray();
    
            ...
    
            var ctorArgs = new object[args.Length + 1];
            ctorArgs[0] = next;
            Array.Copy(args, 0, ctorArgs, 1, args.Length);
            var instance = ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(app.ApplicationServices, middleware, ctorArgs);
            if (parameters.Length == 1)
            {
                return (RequestDelegate)methodinfo.CreateDelegate(typeof(RequestDelegate), instance);
            }
    
            var factory = Compile<object>(methodinfo, parameters);
    
            return context =>
            {
                var serviceProvider = context.RequestServices ?? applicationServices;
                ...
                return factory(instance, context, serviceProvider);
            };
        });
    }
    

    对ASP.NET Core中Middleware的介绍到此终于可以告一段落,希望这两篇文章能够为读者提供些许助力。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/kenwoo/p/9404671.html
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