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  • CentOS 7.5 部署 MySQL 5.7 基于GTID主从复制+并行复制+半同步复制+读写分离(ProxySQL) 环境- 运维笔记 (完整版)

    之前已经详细介绍了Mysql基于GTID主从复制的概念,原理和配置,下面整体记录下MySQL5.7基于GTID主从复制+并行复制+增强半同步复制+读写分离环境的实现过程,以便加深对mysql新特性GTID复制的理解和实际业务场景中部署应用。

    一、实验环境

    [root@mysql-master ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
    CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core) 
    
    为了方便实验,关闭所有节点的防火墙
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
    [root@mysql-master ~]# firewall-cmd --state
    not running
    
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/selinux |grep "SELINUX=disabled"
    SELINUX=disabled
    [root@mysql-master ~]# setenforce 0               
    setenforce: SELinux is disabled
    [root@mysql-master ~]# getenforce                 
    Disabled

    二、安装Mysql5.7

    在三个mysql节点机上使用yum方式安装Mysql5.7,参考:https://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/8340690.html
     
    安装MySQL yum资源库
    [root@mysql-master ~]# yum localinstall https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-8.noarch.rpm
     
    安装MySQL 5.7
    [root@mysql-master ~]# yum install -y mysql-community-server
     
    启动MySQL服务器和MySQL的自动启动
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl enable mysqld.service
     
    设置登录密码
    由于MySQL从5.7开始不允许首次安装后使用空密码进行登录!为了加强安全性,系统会随机生成一个密码以供管理员首次登录使用,
    这个密码记录在/var/log/mysqld.log文件中,使用下面的命令可以查看此密码:
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cat /var/log/mysqld.log|grep 'A temporary password'
    2019-01-11T05:53:17.824073Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: TaN.k:*Qw2xs
     
    使用上面查看的密码TaN.k:*Qw2xs 登录mysql,并重置密码为123456
    [root@mysql-master ~]# mysql -p                 #输入默认的密码:TaN.k:*Qw2xs
    .............
    mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> set password=password("123456");
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
     
    查看mysql版本
    [root@mysql-master ~]# mysql -p123456
    ........
    mysql> select version();
    +-----------+
    | version() |
    +-----------+
    | 5.7.24    |
    +-----------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    =====================================================================
    温馨提示
    mysql5.7通过上面默认安装后,执行语句可能会报错:
    ERROR 1819 (HY000): Your password does not satisfy the current policy requirements
    
    这个报错与Mysql 密码安全策略validate_password_policy的值有关,validate_password_policy可以取0、1、2三个值:
    解决办法:
    set global validate_password_policy=0;
    set global validate_password_length=1;

    三、配置基于GTID的主从复制 

    传统的基于binlog position复制的方式有个严重的缺点:如果slave连接master时指定的binlog文件错误或者position错误,会造成遗漏或者重复,
    很多时候前后数据是有依赖性的,这样就会出错而导致数据不一致。

    从MYSQL5.6开始,mysql开始支持GTID复制。GTID的全称是global transaction id,表示的是全局事务ID。GTID的分配方式为uuid:trans_id,其中:uuid是每个mysql服务器都唯一的,记录在$datadir/auto.cnf中。如果复制结构中,任意两台服务器uuid重复的话(比如直接冷备份时,auto.conf中的内容是一致的),在启动复制功能的时候会报错。这时可以删除auto.conf文件再重启mysqld。

    基于GTID主从复制的优点大致有:
    -  保证同一个事务在某slave上绝对只执行一次,没有执行过的gtid事务总是会被执行。
    -  不用像传统复制那样保证binlog的坐标准确,因为根本不需要binlog以及坐标。
    -  故障转移到新的master的时候很方便,简化了很多任务。
    -  很容易判断master和slave的数据是否一致。只要master上提交的事务在slave上也提交了,那么一定是一致的。
    -  当然,MySQL提供了选项可以控制跳过某些gtid事务,防止slave第一次启动复制时执行master上的所有事务而导致耗时过久。
    -  虽然对于row-based和statement-based的格式都能进行gtid复制,但建议采用row-based格式。 

                                                                  基于GTID主从复制环境部署记录                                                             

    1)mysql-master主数据库上的操作
     
    在my.cnf文件中配置GTID主从复制
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cp /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
    [root@mysql-master ~]# >/etc/my.cnf
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
     
    symbolic-links = 0
     
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
     
    #GTID:
    server_id = 1
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
       
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
      
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
     
    配置后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
     
    登录mysql,并查看master状态, 发现多了一项"Executed_Gtid_Set "
    mysql> show master status;
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    | File              | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    | mysql-bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> show global variables like '%uuid%';
    +---------------+--------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name | Value                                |
    +---------------+--------------------------------------+
    | server_uuid   | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820 |
    +---------------+--------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    查看确认gtid功能打开
    mysql> show global variables like '%gtid%';
    +----------------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name                    | Value |
    +----------------------------------+-------+
    | binlog_gtid_simple_recovery      | ON    |
    | enforce_gtid_consistency         | ON    |
    | gtid_executed                    |       |
    | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000  |
    | gtid_mode                        | ON    |
    | gtid_owned                       |       |
    | gtid_purged                      |       |
    | session_track_gtids              | OFF   |
    +----------------------------------+-------+
    8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    查看确认binlog日志功能打开
    mysql> show variables like 'log_bin';
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | log_bin       | ON    |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    授权slave复制用户,并刷新权限
    mysql> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to slave@'172.16.60.212' identified by "slave@123";
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
     
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
     
    mysql> show grants for slave@'172.16.60.212';
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | Grants for slave@172.16.60.212                                                |
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'slave'@'172.16.60.212' |
    +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    再次查看master状态
    mysql> show master status;
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    | File              | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set                        |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    | mysql-bin.000001 |      622 |              |                  | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-2 |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    这里需要注意一下:
    启动配置之前,同样需要对从服务器进行初始化。对从服务器初始化的方法基本和基于日志点是相同的,只不过在启动了GTID模式后,
    在备份中所记录的就不是备份时的二进制日志文件名和偏移量了,而是记录的是备份时最后的GTID值。
       
    需要先在主数据库机器上把目标库备份一下,假设这里目标库是kevin(为了测试效果,下面手动创建)
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> CREATE DATABASE kevin CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
     
    mysql> use kevin;
    Database changed
    mysql> create table if not exists haha (id int(10) PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,name varchar(50) NOT NULL);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
     
    mysql> insert into kevin.haha values(1,"congcong"),(2,"huihui"),(3,"grace");    
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+----------+
    | id | name     |
    +----+----------+
    |  1 | congcong |
    |  2 | huihui   |
    |  3 | grace    |
    +----+----------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    把kevin库备份出来
    [root@mysql-master ~]# mysqldump --single-transaction --master-data=2 --triggers --routines --databases kevin -uroot -p123456 > /root/kevin.sql
     
    这里稍微注意下:
    mysql5.6使用mysqldump备份时,指定备份的具体库,使用--database
    mysql5.7使用mysqldump备份时,指定备份的具体库,使用--databases
     
    [root@mysql-master ~]# ls /root/kevin.sql
    /root/kevin.sql
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cat /root/kevin.sql
    -- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.24, for Linux (x86_64)
    --
    -- Host: localhost    Database: kevin
    -- ------------------------------------------------------
    -- Server version       5.7.24-log
    .............
    .............
    --
    -- GTID state at the beginning of the backup
    --
     
    SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED='317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-5';
     
    然后把备份的/root/kevin.sql文件拷贝到mysql-slave1从数据库服务器上
    [root@mysql-master ~]# rsync -e "ssh -p22" -avpgolr /root/kevin.sql root@172.16.60.212:/root/
     
    ==============================================================
    2)mysql-slave1从数据库上的操作
     
    在my.cnf文件中配置GTID主从复制
    与主服务器配置大概一致,除了server_id不一致外,从服务器还可以在配置文件里面添加:"read_only=on" ,
    使从服务器只能进行读取操作,此参数对超级用户无效,并且不会影响从服务器的复制;
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# cp /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# >/etc/my.cnf
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
     
    symbolic-links = 0
     
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
     
    #GTID:
    server_id = 2
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
       
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
      
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
    read_only = on
     
    配置完成后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
     
    接着将主数据库目标库的备份数据kevin.sql导入到从数据库里
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# ls /root/kevin.sql
    /root/kevin.sql
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# mysql -p123456
    .........
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> source /root/kevin.sql;
     
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+----------+
    | id | name     |
    +----+----------+
    |  1 | congcong |
    |  2 | huihui   |
    |  3 | grace    |
    +----+----------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    在从数据库里,使用change master 配置主从复制
    mysql> stop slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.60.211',master_user='slave',master_password='slave@123',master_auto_position=1; 
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.26 sec)
     
    mysql> start slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
     
    mysql> show slave status G;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                   Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                      Master_Host: 172.16.60.211
                      Master_User: slave
                      Master_Port: 3306
                    Connect_Retry: 60
                  Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
              Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1357
                   Relay_Log_File: mysql-slave1-relay-bin.000002
                    Relay_Log_Pos: 417
            Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    ................
    ................
                Executed_Gtid_Set: 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-5
                    Auto_Position: 1
     
    由上面可知,mysql-slave1节点已经和mysql-master节点配置了主从同步关系
     
    3) mysql-master主数据库上进行状态查看和测试测试插入
     
    mysql> show master status;
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    | File              | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set                        |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    | mysql-bin.000001 |     1357 |              |                  | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-5 |
    +-------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+------------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> show slave hosts;
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    | Server_id | Host | Port | Master_id | Slave_UUID                           |
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    |         2 |      | 3306 |         1 | 2c1efc46-1565-11e9-ab8e-00505688047c |
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
     
    mysql> insert into kevin.haha values(4,"beijing"),(5,"hefei"),(10,"xihu");
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
     
    mysql> delete from kevin.haha where id<4;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.10 sec)
     
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  4 | beijing |
    |  5 | hefei   |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    +----+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    4)mysql-slave1从数据库上查看
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  4 | beijing |
    |  5 | hefei   |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    +----+---------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    发现mysql-slave1从数据库已经将新插入的数据同步过来了,由此,基于GTID的主从同步复制关系已经正常部署完成了!

    四、并行复制 (解决主从复制延迟问题)

    一般Mysql主从复制有三个线程参与,都是单线程:Binlog Dump(主) -> IO Thread (从) -> SQL Thread(从)。复制出现延迟一般出在两个地方:
    SQL线程忙不过来 (可能需要应用数据量较大,可能和从库本身的一些操作有锁和资源的冲突;主库可以并发写,SQL线程不可以;主要原因)
    网络抖动导致IO线程复制延迟(次要原因)。

    MySQL主从复制延迟的解决办法:MySQL从5.6开始有了SQL Thread多个的概念,可以并发还原数据,即并行复制技术。并行复制的机制,是MySQL的一个非常重要的特性,可以很好的解决MySQL主从延迟问题!

    在MySQL 5.6中,设置参数slave_parallel_workers = 4(>1),即可有4个SQL Thread(coordinator线程)来进行并行复制,其状态为:Waiting for an evant from Coordinator。但是其并行只是基于Schema的,也就是基于库的。如果数据库实例中存在多个Schema,这样设置对于Slave复制的速度可以有比较大的提升。通常情况下单库多表是更常见的一种情形,那基于库的并发就没有卵用。其核心思想是:不同schema下的表并发提交时的数据不会相互影响,即slave节点可以用对relay log中不同的schema各分配一个类似SQL功能的线程,来重放relay log中主库已经提交的事务,保持数据与主库一致。

    MySQL 5.6版本支持所谓的并行复制,但是其并行只是基于schema的,也就是基于库的。如果用户的MySQL数据库实例中存在多个schema,对于从机复制的速度的确可以有比较大的帮助。但是基于schema的并行复制存在两个问题:
    1) crash safe功能不好做,因为可能之后执行的事务由于并行复制的关系先完成执行,那么当发生crash的时候,这部分的处理逻辑是比较复杂的。
    2) 最为关键的问题是这样设计的并行复制效果并不高,如果用户实例仅有一个库,那么就无法实现并行回放,甚至性能会比原来的单线程更差。而 单库多表是比多库多表更为常见的一种情形 。

    注意:mysql 5.6的MTS是基于库级别的并行,当有多个数据库时,可以将slave_parallel_workers设置为数据库的数量,为了避免新建库后来回修改,也可以将该参数设置的大一些。设置为库级别的事务时,不允许这样做,会报错。

    在MySQL 5.7中,引入了基于组提交的并行复制(官方称为Enhanced Multi-threaded Slaves,即MTS),设置参数slave_parallel_workers>0并且global.slave_parallel_type=‘LOGICAL_CLOCK’,即可支持一个schema下,slave_parallel_workers个的worker线程并发执行relay log中主库提交的事务。其核心思想:一个组提交的事务都是可以并行回放(配合binary log group commit);slave机器的relay log中 last_committed相同的事务(sequence_num不同)可以并发执行。其中,变量slave-parallel-type可以有两个值:1)DATABASE 默认值,基于库的并行复制方式;2)LOGICAL_CLOCK,基于组提交的并行复制方式;

    MySQL 5.7开启Enhanced Multi-Threaded Slave很简单,只需要在Slave从数据库的my.cnf文件中如下配置即可:

    # slave
     slave-parallel-type=LOGICAL_CLOCK
     slave-parallel-workers=8        #一般建议设置4-8,太多的线程会增加线程之间的同步开销
     master_info_repository=TABLE
     relay_log_info_repository=TABLE
     relay_log_recovery=ON

    MySQL 5.7是基于组提交的并行复制,并且是支持"真正"的并行复制功能,这其中最为主要的原因:就是slave服务器的回放与主机是一致的, 即master服务器上是怎么并行执行的slave上就怎样进行并行回放。不再有库的并行复制限制,对于二进制日志格式也无特殊的要求(基于库的并行复制也没有要求)。

    MySQL5.7的并行复制,期望最大化还原主库的并行度,实现方式是在binlog event中增加必要的信息,以便slave节点根据这些信息实现并行复制。MySQL5.7的并行复制建立在group commit的基础上,所有在主库上能够完成prepared的语句表示没有数据冲突,就可以在slave节点并行复制。

    所以在并行复制环境中,除了在Slace从数据库中配置之外,还需要在Master主数据库上的my.cnf文件中添加binlog_group_commit配置,否则从库无法做到基于事物的并行复制:

    binlog_group_commit_sync_delay = 100                
    binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count = 10
    

    binlog_group_commit_sync_delay,这个参数控制着日志在刷盘前日志提交要等待的时间,默认是0也就是说提交后立即刷盘,但是并不代表是关闭了组提交,当设置为0以上的时候,就允许多个事物的日志同时间一起提交刷盘,也就是我们说的组提交。组提交是并行复制的基础,我们设置这个值的大于0就代表打开了组提交的延迟功能,而组提交是默认开启的。最大值只能设置为1000000微妙。
    binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count ,这个参数表示我们在binlog_group_commit_sync_delay等待时间内,如果事物数达到这个参数的设定值,就会触动一次组提交,如果这个值设为0的话就不会有任何的影响。如果到达时间但是事物数并没有达到的话,也是会进行一次组提交操作的。

    MySQL 5.7并行复制的思想简单易懂,一言以蔽之: 一个组提交的事务都是可以并行回放 ,因为这些事务都已进入到事务的prepare阶段,则说明事务之间没有任何冲突(否则就不可能提交)。为了兼容MySQL 5.6基于库的并行复制,5.7引入了新的变量slave-parallel-type,其可以配置的值有:
    -  DATABASE:默认值,基于库的并行复制方式
    -  LOGICAL_CLOCK:基于组提交的并行复制方式

    支持并行复制的GTID
    如何知道事务是否在一组中,又是一个问题,因为原版的MySQL并没有提供这样的信息。在MySQL 5.7版本中,其设计方式是将组提交的信息存放在GTID中。那么如果用户没有开启GTID功能,即将参数gtid_mode设置为OFF呢?故MySQL 5.7又引入了称之为Anonymous_Gtid的二进制日志event类型,如:

    mysql> SHOW BINLOG EVENTS in 'mysql-bin.000003';
    +------------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    | Log_name         | Pos | Event_type     | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info |
    +------------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 4   | Format_desc    | 88 | 123 | Server ver: 5.7.7-rc-debug-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 123 | Previous_gtids | 88 | 194 | f11232f7-ff07-11e4-8fbb-00ff55e152c6:1-2 |
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 194 | Anonymous_Gtid | 88 | 259 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS' |
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 259 | Query          | 88 | 330 | BEGIN |
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 330 | Table_map      | 88 | 373 | table_id: 108 (aaa.t) |
    | mysql-bin.000003 | 373 | Write_rows     | 88 | 413 | table_id: 108 flags: STMT_END_F |
    ......
    

    这意味着在 MySQL 5.7版本中即使不开启GTID,每个事务开始前也是会存在一个Anonymous_Gtid ,而这GTID中就存在着组提交的信息。

    LOGICAL_CLOCK
    然而,通过上述的SHOW BINLOG EVENTS,并没有发现有关组提交的任何信息。但是通过mysqlbinlog工具,用户就能发现组提交的内部信息:

    如下查看一个binlog日志

    root@localhost:~# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.0000002 | grep last_committed
    #190112 17:45:16 server id 1  end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0xca2ee8c2  GTID    last_committed=0        sequence_number=1       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 17:45:21 server id 1  end_log_pos 506 CRC32 0xe8047dd2  GTID    last_committed=1        sequence_number=2       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 17:45:16 server id 1  end_log_pos 219 CRC32 0xca2ee8c2  GTID    last_committed=2        sequence_number=3       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 17:45:21 server id 1  end_log_pos 506 CRC32 0xe8047dd2  GTID    last_committed=3        sequence_number=4       rbr_only=yes
    
    可以发现较之原来的二进制日志内容多了last_committed和sequence_number,last_committed表示事务提交的时候,上次事务提交的编号,如果事务具有相同的last_committed,表示这些事务都在一组内,可以进行并行的回放 (一般是当执行的sql语句并发数大的情况下会进行组提交)。上面这个binlog日志里没有组提交信息(last_committed数值都不相等),下一个事物的last_committed永远都和上一个事物的sequence_number是相等的,这是因为事物是顺序提交的!这么理解起来并不奇怪。
    下面看一下组提交模式的事物:
    root@localhost:~# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.0000006 | grep last_committed
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 259  CRC32 0x4ead9ad6 GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=1
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 1483 CRC32 0xdf94bc85 GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=2
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 2708 CRC32 0x0914697b GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=3
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 3934 CRC32 0xd9cb4a43 GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=4
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 5159 CRC32 0x06a6f531 GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=5
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 6386 CRC32 0xd6cae930 GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=6
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 7610 CRC32 0xa1ea531c GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=7
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 8834 CRC32 0x96864e6b GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=8
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 10057 CRC32 0x2de1ae55 GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=9
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 11280 CRC32 0x5eb13091 GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=10
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 12504 CRC32 0x16721011 GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=11
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 13727 CRC32 0xe2210ab6 GTID last_committed=6 sequence_number=12
    #150520 14:23:11 server id 88 end_log_pos 14952 CRC32 0xf41181d3 GTID last_committed=12 sequence_number=13
    ...

    例如上述last_committed为0的事务有6个,这意味什么呢?意味着这6个事物是作为一个组提交的,6个事物在perpare截断获取相同的last_committed而且相互不影响,最终是会作为一个组进行提交?,这就是所谓的组提交!上面表示组提交时提交了6个事务,而这6个事务在从机是可以进行并行回放的。

    总之:MySQL 5.7推出的Enhanced Multi-Threaded Slave解决了困扰MySQL长达数十年的复制延迟问题,再次提醒一些无知的PostgreSQL用户,不要再停留在之前对于MySQL的印象,物理复制也不一定肯定比逻辑复制有优势,而MySQL 5.7的MTS已经完全可以解决延迟问题。总之, 5.7版本后,主从复制延迟问题将不存在!

                                                           基于GTID的并行复制环境部署记录                                             

    1)在mysql-slave1从数据库的my.cnf 文件中添加下面MTS并行复制的配置
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
       
    symbolic-links = 0
       
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
       
    #GTID:
    server_id = 2
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
         
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
        
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
    read_only = on
       
    #MTS
    slave-parallel-type = LOGICAL_CLOCK          #开启逻辑时钟的复制
    slave-parallel-workers = 4                   #这里设置线程数为4 (最大线程数不能超过16,即最大线程为16)
    master_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_recovery = on
       
    配置完成后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
       
    2)在mysql-master主数据库的my.cnf 文件中添加最后两行配置
    [root@mysql-master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
       
    symbolic-links = 0
       
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
       
    #GTID:
    server_id = 1
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
         
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
        
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
       
    #不配置binlog_group_commit从库无法做到基于事物的并行复制
    binlog_group_commit_sync_delay = 100               
    binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count = 10
       
    #为了数据安全再配置
    sync_binlog=1
    innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit =1 
    #这个参数控制binlog写入 磁盘的方式。设置为1时,表示每次commit;都写入磁盘。这个刷新的是redo log 即ib_logfile0,而不是binlog
       
    配置完成后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
       
    登录mysql,查看binlog_group_commit 
    mysql> show variables like 'binlog_group_commit_%';
    +-----------------------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name                           | Value |
    +-----------------------------------------+-------+
    | binlog_group_commit_sync_delay          | 100   |
    | binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count | 10    |
    +-----------------------------------------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
       
    设置binlog_group_commit的上面两个参数,否则从库无法做到基于事物的并行复制! 这两个参数共同决定了是否触发组提交操作!
    第二个参数表示该事务组提交之前总共等待累积到多少个事务(如上要累计到10个事务);
    第一个参数则表示该事务组总共等待多长时间后进行提交(如上要总共等待100毫秒的时间),任何一个条件满足则进行后续操作。
    因为有这个等待,可以让更多事务的binlog通过一次写binlog文件磁盘来完成提交,从而获得更高的吞吐量。
     
    3)登录mysql-slave1从数据库
     
    上面在配置并行复制后,主从数据库的mysqld服务都重启了,此时需要重启从数据库上的slave,这样才能恢复正常的主从同步状态!
    记住:只要主数据库的mysqld服务重启,那么从数据库上就要重启slave,以恢复主从同步状态!!!
     
    mysql> show slave status G;        
    ...........
    ...........
                 Slave_IO_Running: No
                Slave_SQL_Running: No
       
    mysql> stop slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
       
    mysql> start slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
       
    mysql> show slave status G;
    ..........
    ..........
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    ..........
                Executed_Gtid_Set: 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-11
                    Auto_Position: 1
       
    这样,mysql-slave1从数据库就恢复了与mysql-master主数据库的同步关系了
     
    查看优化项
    mysql> use mysql;                                 #切入到mysql库
    Database changed
    mysql> select * from slave_worker_info;                 #查看slave_worker_info表
    +----+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    | Id | Relay_log_name                  | Relay_log_pos | Master_log_name   | Master_log_pos | Checkpoint_relay_log_name       | Checkpoint_relay_log_pos | Checkpoint_master_log_name | Checkpoint_master_log_pos | Checkpoint_seqno | Checkpoint_group_size | Checkpoint_group_bitmap                                          | Channel_name |
    +----+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    |  1 | ./mysql-slave1-relay-bin.000005 |           656 | mysql-bin.000008 |            481 | ./mysql-slave1-relay-bin.000005 |                      369 | mysql-bin.000008          |                       194 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                 |              |
    |  2 |                                 |             0 |                   |              0 |                                 |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    |  3 |                                 |             0 |                   |              0 |                                 |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    |  4 |                                 |             0 |                   |              0 |                                 |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    +----+---------------------------------+---------------+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
       
    以上可以查看到,mysql库下的slave_worker_info表下查看到4个线程
      
    也可以使用下面命令查看线程数,这个跟在my.cnf文件里配置的是一样的!
    mysql> show variables like '%slave_para%';
    +------------------------+---------------+
    | Variable_name          | Value         |
    +------------------------+---------------+
    | slave_parallel_type    | LOGICAL_CLOCK |
    | slave_parallel_workers | 4             |
    +------------------------+---------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    4)同步复制测试
    在mysql-master主数据库插入新数据
    mysql> insert into kevin.haha values(21,"caiyi"),(22,"manman"),(23,"titi");
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.09 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
       
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  4 | beijing |
    |  5 | hefei   |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    | 21 | caiyi   |
    | 22 | manman  |
    | 23 | titi    |
    +----+---------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
       
    然后在mysql-slave1从数据库查看,发现新数据已经同步过来了
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  4 | beijing |
    |  5 | hefei   |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    | 21 | caiyi   |
    | 22 | manman  |
    | 23 | titi    |
    +----+---------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    最后在mysql-master主数据库上查看组提交信息
    [root@mysql-master ~]# cd /var/lib/mysql
    [root@mysql-master mysql]# ll mysql-bin*
    -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql  751 Jan 12 18:08 mysql-bin.000001
    -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 1365 Jan 12 19:28 mysql-bin.000002
    -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql 1326 Jan 12 19:42 mysql-bin.000003
    -rw-r----- 1 mysql mysql   57 Jan 12 19:28 mysql-bin.index
    
    [root@mysql-master mysql]# mysqlbinlog mysql-bin.000003 |grep last_committed
    #190112 19:37:06 server id 1  end_log_pos 259 CRC32 0x893c0ae8  GTID    last_committed=0       sequence_number=1       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 19:37:12 server id 1  end_log_pos 542 CRC32 0xc36def61  GTID    last_committed=1       sequence_number=2       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 19:42:42 server id 1  end_log_pos 825 CRC32 0x361701a2  GTID    last_committed=2       sequence_number=3       rbr_only=yes
    #190112 19:42:48 server id 1  end_log_pos 1108 CRC32 0x8ba858c7 GTID    last_committed=3       sequence_number=4       rbr_only=yes
    
    如上,通过最新的binlog日志看到,last_committed数值都不一样,即没有事务是在同一个组内提交的,也就是说这个日志里没有组提交信息。
    这是因为没有满足binlog_grup_commit那两个参数的条件,所以没有进行组提交!
    

    五、半同步复制

    半同步复制: 默认情况下MySQL的复制是异步的,master将新生成的binlog发送给各slave后,无需等待slave的ack回复(slave将接收到的binlog写进relay log后才会回复ack),直接就认为这次DDL/DML成功了, 半同步复制(semi-synchronous replication)是指master将新生成的binlog发送给各slave时, 只需等待一个(默认)slave返回的ack信息就返回成功。

    MySQL 5.7对半同步复制作了大改进,新增了一个master线程。在MySQL 5.7以前,master上的binlog dump线程负责两件事:dump日志给slave的io_thread;接收来自slave的ack消息。它们是串行方式工作的。在MySQL 5.7中,新增了一个专门负责接受ack消息的线程ack collector thread。这样master上有两个线程独立工作,可以同时发送binlog到slave和接收slave的ack。还新增了几个变量,其中最重要的是 rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point ,它使得MySQL半同步复制有两种工作模型。

    半同步复制的两种类型
    从MySQL 5.7.2开始,MySQL支持两种类型的半同步复制。这两种类型由变量 rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_point (MySQL 5.7.2之前没有该变量)控制,它有两种值:AFTER_SYNC和AFTER_COMMIT。在MySQL 5.7.2之后,默认值为AFTER_SYNC,在此版本之前,等价的类型为AFTER_COMMIT。这个变量控制的是master何时提交、何时接收ack以及何时回复成功信息给客户端的时间点。
    AFTER_SYNC模式:master将新事务写进binlog(buffer)后发送给slave,再sync到自己的binlog file(disk), 之后才允许接收slave的ack回复,接收到ack之后才会提交事务,并返回成功信息给客户端。
    AFTER_COMMIT模式:master将新事务写进binlog(buffer)后发送给slave,再sync到自己的binlog file(disk),然后直接提交事务。之后才允许接收slave的ack回复,然后再返回成功信息给客户端。

    如下作图,理解起来就容易了。(前提: 已经设置了sync_binlog=1,否则binlog刷盘时间由操作系统决定)

    根据上面的图解,接下来分析下这两种模式的优缺点。

    AFTER_SYNC
    -  对于所有客户端来说,它们看到的数据是一样的,因为它们看到的数据都是在接收到slave的ack后提交后的数据。
    -  这种模式下,如果master突然故障,不会丢失数据,因为所有成功的事务都已经写进slave的relay log中了,slave的数据是最新的。

    AFTER_COMMIT
    -  不同客户端看到的数据可能是不一样的。对于发起事务请求的那个客户端,它只有在master提交事务且收到slave的ack后才能看到提交的数据。但对于那些非本次事务的请求客户端,它们在master提交后就能看到提交后的数据,这时候master可能还没收到slave的ack。
    -  如果master收到ack回复前,slave和master都故障了,那么将丢失这个事务中的数据。

    在MySQL 5.7.2之前,等价的模式是 AFTER_COMMIT ,在此版本之后,默认的模式为 AFTER_SYNC ,该模式能最大程度地保证数据安全性,且性能上并不比 AFTER_COMMIT 差。

                                                                   基于GTID的半同步复制环境部署记录                                                                    

    Mysql 半同步复制配置可以参考: https://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/10228694.html
    
    开启半同步复制的方法有两种: mysql命令行启动; my.cnf文件里添加启动配置;
    推荐在my.cnf文件里添加半同步启动配置方式
    
    1) 配置mysql-master主数据库上 my.cnf文件,添加启动半同步复制的配置
    [root@mysql-master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
        
    symbolic-links = 0
        
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
        
    #GTID:
    server_id = 1
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
          
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
         
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
        
    #不配置binlog_group_commit从库无法做到基于事物的并行复制
    binlog_group_commit_sync_delay = 100              
    binlog_group_commit_sync_no_delay_count = 10
        
    #为了数据安全再配置
    sync_binlog=1
    innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit =1
    #这个参数控制binlog写入 磁盘的方式。设置为1时,表示每次commit;都写入磁盘。这个刷新的是redo log 即ib_logfile0,而不是binlog
    
    #开启半同步复制 (超时时间为1s)
    plugin-load=rpl_semi_sync_master=semisync_master.so
    rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled = 1
    rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout = 1000 
    
    配置完成后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-master ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
    
    2) 配置mysql-slave从数据库上 my.cnf文件,添加启动半同步复制的配置
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
      
    symbolic-links = 0
      
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
      
    #GTID:
    server_id = 2
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
        
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
       
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
    read_only = on
      
    #MTS
    slave-parallel-type = LOGICAL_CLOCK          #开启逻辑时钟的复制
    slave-parallel-workers = 4                               #最大线程16
    master_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_recovery = on
    
    # 开启半同步复制
    plugin-load=rpl_semi_sync_slave=semisync_slave.so
    rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1
    
    配置完成后,记得重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-slave1 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
    
    3)在mysql-master主数据库上加载 (前提是/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_master.so 文件存在。 一般mysql安装后就默认产生)
    mysql> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_master SONAME 'semisync_master.so';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
    
    查看插件是否加载成功
    mysql>  SELECT PLUGIN_NAME, PLUGIN_STATUS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS  WHERE PLUGIN_NAME LIKE '%semi%';
    +----------------------+---------------+
    | PLUGIN_NAME          | PLUGIN_STATUS |
    +----------------------+---------------+
    | rpl_semi_sync_master | ACTIVE        |
    +----------------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    查看半同步是否在运行
    mysql> show status like 'Rpl_semi_sync_master_status';
    +-----------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name               | Value |
    +-----------------------------+-------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status | ON    |
    +-----------------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    4)在mysql-slave1从数据库上加载 (前提是/usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_slave.so 文件存在。 一般mysql安装后就默认产生)
    mysql> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_slave SONAME 'semisync_slave.so';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    查看插件是否加载成功
    mysql> SELECT PLUGIN_NAME, PLUGIN_STATUS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS  WHERE PLUGIN_NAME LIKE '%semi%';
    +---------------------+---------------+
    | PLUGIN_NAME         | PLUGIN_STATUS |
    +---------------------+---------------+
    | rpl_semi_sync_slave | ACTIVE        |
    +---------------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    这个时候,查看mysql-slave1的半同步是否运行
    mysql> show status like 'Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status';
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name              | Value |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | OFF   |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    发现还是OFF,明明已经在my.cnf文件里开启了!
    这是因为此时还没有生效,必须从数据库上的IO线程才能生产!!!
    mysql> STOP SLAVE IO_THREAD;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> START SLAVE IO_THREAD;  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    然后再查看mysql-slave1的半同步状态,发现就已经开启了!
    mysql> show status like 'Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status';
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name              | Value |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | ON    |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    查看此时的主从同步状态
    mysql> show slave status G; 
    ...........
    ...........
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: No
    
    发现主从同步异常,这个时候再重启下slave即可!
    mysql> stop slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    
    mysql> start slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
    
    mysql> show slave status G;
    ............
    ............
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    
    5) 在mysql-master主数据库上查看
    mysql> show status like '%Rpl_semi%';
    +--------------------------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name                              | Value |
    +--------------------------------------------+-------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients               | 1     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time     | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time         | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits             | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times              | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx                 | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status                | ON    |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures     | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time      | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time          | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits              | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions         | 0     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx                | 0     |
    +--------------------------------------------+-------+
    14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    从上面信息,发现Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients的数值为1,说明此时mysql-master主数据库已经有一个半同步复制的从机,即mysql-slave1节点。
    Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx的数值为0, 说明此时还没有半同步复制的sql语句被执行。
    
    接着在mysql-master主数据库上插入和更新数据,测试半同步复制
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  4 | beijing |
    |  5 | hefei   |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    | 21 | caiyi   |
    | 22 | manman  |
    | 23 | titi    |
    +----+---------+
    6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into kevin.haha values(30,"shikui"),(31,"shibo"),(32,"shijuan");
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.15 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> update kevin.haha set id=8 where name="beijing";
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.22 sec)
    Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
    
    接着再去mysql-slave1从数据库上查看,发现新数据已经同步过来了
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  5 | hefei   |
    |  8 | beijing |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    | 21 | caiyi   |
    | 22 | manman  |
    | 23 | titi    |
    | 30 | shikui  |
    | 31 | shibo   |
    | 32 | shijuan |
    +----+---------+
    9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    接着再去mysql-master主数据库上查看,如下:
    mysql> show status like '%Rpl_semi%';
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    | Variable_name                              | Value  |
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients               | 1      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time     | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time         | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits             | 2      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times              | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx                 | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status                | ON     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures     | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time      | 133362 |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time          | 266725 |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits              | 2      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions         | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx                | 2      |
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    14 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    从上面信息可发现Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx的数值为2,即发生了两条半同步复制的sql语句,就是上面执行的那两条(insert 和update) sql语句。
    

     以上都是在mysql-master主数据库和mysql-slave1从数据库之间实现的基于GTID的主从复制、并行复制、半同步复制,即"一主一从"架构。 现在再把mysql-slave2的从节点添加进去,调整为"一主两从"的同步架构。添加操作记录如下:

    1)在mysql-master主数据库上操作
    先添加同步权限
    mysql> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to slave@'172.16.60.213' identified by "slave@123";
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.14 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
    
    备份主库
    [root@mysql-master ~]# mysqldump -u root -p'123456' --lock-all-tables --master-data=2 --flush-logs --all-databases --triggers --routines --events > 213_slave.sql
    
    将备份文件拷贝到mysql-slave2从数据库上
    [root@mysql-master ~]# rsync -e "ssh -p22" -avpgolr /root/213_slave.sql root@172.16.60.213:/root/
    
    记录当前的gtid
    mysql> show global variables like 'gtid_%';
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name                    | Value                                     |
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | gtid_executed                    | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-34 |
    | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000                                      |
    | gtid_mode                        | ON                                        |
    | gtid_owned                       |                                           |
    | gtid_purged                      | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-16 |
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    2)在mysql-slave2从数据库上操作
    首先在my.cnf文件添加相关同步配置 (跟mysql-slave1从节点的my.cnf配置相比,除了将server_id修改为3之外,其他配置内容都一样!)
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# cp /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# >/etc/my.cnf
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
    [mysqld]
    datadir = /var/lib/mysql
    socket = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
       
    symbolic-links = 0
       
    log-error = /var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
       
    #GTID:
    server_id = 3
    gtid_mode = on
    enforce_gtid_consistency = on
         
    #binlog
    log_bin = mysql-bin
    log-slave-updates = 1
    binlog_format = row
    sync-master-info = 1
    sync_binlog = 1
        
    #relay log
    skip_slave_start = 1
    read_only = on
       
    #MTS
    slave-parallel-type = LOGICAL_CLOCK          #开启逻辑时钟的复制
    slave-parallel-workers = 4                               #最大线程16
    master_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_info_repository = TABLE
    relay_log_recovery = on
     
    # 开启半同步复制
    plugin-load=rpl_semi_sync_slave=semisync_slave.so
    rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=1
    
    配置完成后,不要忘记重启mysql服务
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
    
    恢复备份库
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# ll /root/213_slave.sql 
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 805694 Jan 13 00:26 /root/213_slave.sql
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> source /root/213_slave.sql;
    
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+---------+
    | id | name    |
    +----+---------+
    |  5 | hefei   |
    |  8 | beijing |
    | 10 | xihu    |
    | 21 | caiyi   |
    | 22 | manman  |
    | 23 | titi    |
    | 30 | shikui  |
    | 31 | shibo   |
    | 32 | shijuan |
    +----+---------+
    9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    检查一下mysql-slave2从数据库上当前的gtid 
    mysql> show global variables like 'gtid_%';
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name                    | Value                                     |
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    | gtid_executed                    | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-34 |
    | gtid_executed_compression_period | 1000                                      |
    | gtid_mode                        | ON                                        |
    | gtid_owned                       |                                           |
    | gtid_purged                      | 317e2aad-1565-11e9-9c2e-005056ac6820:1-34 |
    +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    由于是从master-master主库备份恢复过来的,所以此时mysql-slave2从数据库的gtid和主库的gtid是一样的!
    
    接着进行主从同步
    mysql> stop slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> change master to master_host='172.16.60.211',master_user='slave',master_password='slave@123',master_auto_position=1;  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.18 sec)
    
    mysql> start slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
    
    =================================================================
    如果遇到报错:
    ERROR 1872 (HY000): Slave failed to initialize relay log info structure from the repository
    
    解决办法:
    stop slave;
    reset slave;
    start slave;
    =================================================================
    
    查看,发现主从同步正常
    mysql> show slave status G;
    .........
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
    
    并行复制查看
    mysql> show variables like '%slave_para%';
    +------------------------+---------------+
    | Variable_name          | Value         |
    +------------------------+---------------+
    | slave_parallel_type    | LOGICAL_CLOCK |
    | slave_parallel_workers | 4             |
    +------------------------+---------------+
    2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from mysql.slave_worker_info;  
    +----+----------------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    | Id | Relay_log_name | Relay_log_pos | Master_log_name | Master_log_pos | Checkpoint_relay_log_name | Checkpoint_relay_log_pos | Checkpoint_master_log_name | Checkpoint_master_log_pos | Checkpoint_seqno | Checkpoint_group_size | Checkpoint_group_bitmap                                          | Channel_name |
    +----+----------------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    |  1 |                |             0 |                 |              0 |                           |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    |  2 |                |             0 |                 |              0 |                           |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    |  3 |                |             0 |                 |              0 |                           |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    |  4 |                |             0 |                 |              0 |                           |                        0 |                            |                         0 |                0 |                    64 |                                                                  |              |
    +----+----------------+---------------+-----------------+----------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------+------------------+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    接着在mysql-slave2从数据库上开启半同步
    mysql> INSTALL PLUGIN rpl_semi_sync_slave SONAME 'semisync_slave.so';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql> SELECT PLUGIN_NAME, PLUGIN_STATUS FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.PLUGINS  WHERE PLUGIN_NAME LIKE '%semi%';
    +---------------------+---------------+
    | PLUGIN_NAME         | PLUGIN_STATUS |
    +---------------------+---------------+
    | rpl_semi_sync_slave | ACTIVE        |
    +---------------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> STOP SLAVE IO_THREAD;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> START SLAVE IO_THREAD;  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show status like 'Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status';      
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name              | Value |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | ON    |
    +----------------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    3) 现在回到mysql-master主数据库查看
    mysql> show slave hosts;
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    | Server_id | Host | Port | Master_id | Slave_UUID                           |
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    |         3 |      | 3306 |         1 | 2658b203-1565-11e9-9f8b-005056880888 |
    |         2 |      | 3306 |         1 | 2c1efc46-1565-11e9-ab8e-00505688047c |
    +-----------+------+------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    如上信息可知mysql-master主数据库现在有两个从数据库,分别为mysql-slave1 和 mysql-slave2
    
    mysql> show status like '%Rpl_semi%';                                                                      
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    | Variable_name                              | Value  |
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients               | 2      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time     | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time         | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits             | 4      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times              | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx                 | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status                | ON     |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures     | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time      | 98077  |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time          | 392310 |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits              | 4      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions         | 0      |
    | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx                | 4      |
    +--------------------------------------------+--------+
    14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    如上信息可知,mysql-master主数据库现在有两个半同步复制的从库,即mysql-slave1 和mysql-slave2
    
    4)现在测试下同步效果
    在mysql-master主数据库上更新数据
    mysql> delete from kevin.haha where id>10;
    Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.20 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into kevin.haha values(11,"changping"),(12,"wangjing");
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.38 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    在mysql-slave1从数据库查看,发现已经同步过来了
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 10 | xihu      |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    +----+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    在mysql-slave2从数据库查看,发现已经同步过来了
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 10 | xihu      |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    +----+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    到此,已经完成了Mysql5.7"一主两从"架构上基于GTID主从复制+并行复制+增强半同步复制环境,下面再说下读写分离环境

    六、读写分离 (MySQL ProxySQL)

    ProxySQL是用C++语言开发的,也是percona推的一款中间件,虽然也是一个轻量级产品,但性能很好(据测试,能处理千亿级的数据),功能也足够,能满足中间件所需的绝大多数功能,包括:
    最基本的读写分离,且安装起来也十分方便。
    可定制基于用户、基于schema、基于语句的规则对SQL语句进行路由。换句话说,规则很灵活。基于schema和与语句级的规则,可以实现简单的sharding。
    可缓存查询结果。虽然ProxySQL的缓存策略比较简陋,但实现了基本的缓存功能,绝大多数时候也够用了。此外,作者已经打算实现更丰富的缓存策略。
    监控后端节点。ProxySQL可以监控后端节点的多个指标,包括:ProxySQL和后端的心跳信息,后端节点的read-only/read-write,slave和master的数据同步延迟性(replication lag)。

    ProxySQL是一个能实实在在用在生产环境的MySQL中间件,可以实现读写分离,支持 Query 路由功能,支持动态指定某个 SQL 进行 cache,支持动态加载配置、故障切换和一些 SQL的过滤功能。还有一些同类产品比如 DBproxy、MyCAT、OneProxy 等。但经过反复对比和测试之后,还是觉得ProxySQL是一款性能不谙,靠谱稳定的MySQL 中间件产品 !

                                                                           ProxySQL读写分离环境部署记录                                                                

    下面操作是在mysql-proxy代理层节点上完成的(需要注意: 两个从库都要开启 read_only=on)
    1)先在本机安装mysql客户端,用于在本机连接到ProxySQL的管理接口

    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/mariadb.repo
    [mariadb]   
    name = MariaDB
    baseurl = http://yum.mariadb.org/10.3.5/centos6-amd64
    gpgkey=https://yum.mariadb.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-MariaDB  
    gpgcheck=1
    
    安装mysql-clinet客户端
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# yum install -y MariaDB-client 
    =================================================
    如果遇到报错:
    Error: MariaDB-compat conflicts with 1:mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64
     You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem
     You could try running: rpm -Va --nofiles --nodigest
    
    解决办法:
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# rpm -qa|grep mariadb*
    mariadb-libs-5.5.56-2.el7.x86_64
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# rpm -e mariadb-libs-5.5.56-2.el7.x86_64 --nodeps
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# yum install -y MariaDB-client 

    2)安装ProxySQL (中文安装手册: https://github.com/malongshuai/proxysql/wiki

    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/proxysql.repo 
    [proxysql_repo]
    name= ProxySQL YUM repository
    baseurl=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/proxysql-1.4.x/centos/$releasever
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/repo_pub_key
    
    执行安装
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# yum -y install proxysql
    
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# proxysql --version
    ProxySQL version 1.4.13-15-g69d4207, codename Truls
    
    启动ProxySQL
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# chkconfig proxysql on
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# systemctl start proxysql        
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# systemctl status proxysql 
    
    启动后会监听两个端口,
    默认为6032和6033。6032端口是ProxySQL的管理端口,6033是ProxySQL对外提供服务的端口 (即连接到转发后端的真正数据库的转发端口)。
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# netstat -tunlp
    Active Internet connections (only servers)
    Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6032            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      23940/proxysql      
    tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:6033            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      23940/proxysql 
    

    3)向ProxySQL中添加MySQL节点

    ProxySQL也是有管理接口和客户端接口,通过配置文件/etc/proxysql.cnf可以看到管理和客户端接口的信息.
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# cat /etc/proxysql.cnf           
    .........
    admin_variables=
    {
            admin_credentials="admin:admin"
    #       mysql_ifaces="127.0.0.1:6032;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock"
            mysql_ifaces="0.0.0.0:6032"
    #       refresh_interval=2000
    #       debug=true
    }
    
    mysql_variables=
    {
            threads=4
            max_connections=2048
            default_query_delay=0
            default_query_timeout=36000000
            have_compress=true
            poll_timeout=2000
    #       interfaces="0.0.0.0:6033;/tmp/proxysql.sock"
            interfaces="0.0.0.0:6033"
            default_schema="information_schema"
            stacksize=1048576
            server_version="5.5.30"
            connect_timeout_server=3000
    ..........
    
    通过上面,可以看到管理接口的端口是6032,账号密码是admin(可以动态修改),允许客户端连接, 客户端接口的端口是6033,账号密码通过管理接口去设置。
    在mysql-proxy本机使用mysql客户端连接到ProxySQL的管理接口(admin interface), 该接口的默认管理员用户和密码都是admin.
    下面是通过管理端口6032去连接的(下面连接命令中后面的--prompt 'admin'字段可以不加,也是可以登录进去的)
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -P6032 -h127.0.0.1 --prompt 'admin> '
    Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 8
    Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    admin> show databases;
    +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
    | seq | name          | file                                |
    +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
    | 0   | main          |                                     |
    | 2   | disk          | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db       |
    | 3   | stats         |                                     |
    | 4   | monitor       |                                     |
    | 5   | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db |
    +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.001 sec)
    
    ProxySQL提供了几个库,每个库都有各自的意义;
    -  main 内存配置数据库,表里存放后端db实例、用户验证、路由规则等信息。表名以 runtime_开头的表示proxysql当前运行的配置内容,
       不能通过dml语句修改,只能修改对应的不以 runtime_ 开头的(在内存)里的表,然后 LOAD 使其生效, SAVE 使其存到硬盘以供下次重启加载。
    -  disk 是持久化到硬盘的配置,sqlite数据文件。
    -  stats 是proxysql运行抓取的统计信息,包括到后端各命令的执行次数、流量、processlist、查询种类汇总/执行时间等等。
    -  monitor 库存储 monitor 模块收集的信息,主要是对后端db的健康/延迟检查。
    
    主要注意main和monitor数据库中的表
    admin> show tables from main;
    +--------------------------------------------+
    | tables                                     |
    +--------------------------------------------+
    | global_variables                           |
    | mysql_collations                           |
    | mysql_group_replication_hostgroups         |
    | mysql_query_rules                          |
    | mysql_query_rules_fast_routing             |
    | mysql_replication_hostgroups               |
    | mysql_servers                              |
    | mysql_users                                |
    | proxysql_servers                           |
    | runtime_checksums_values                   |
    | runtime_global_variables                   |
    | runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups |
    | runtime_mysql_query_rules                  |
    | runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing     |
    | runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups       |
    | runtime_mysql_servers                      |
    | runtime_mysql_users                        |
    | runtime_proxysql_servers                   |
    | runtime_scheduler                          |
    | scheduler                                  |
    +--------------------------------------------+
    20 rows in set (0.001 sec)
    
    几个重要字段含义:
    global_variables       设置变量,包括监听的端口、管理账号等。
    mysql_collations       相关字符集和校验规则。
    mysql_query_rules   定义查询路由规则。
    
    admin> show tables from monitor;
    +------------------------------------+
    | tables                             |
    +------------------------------------+
    | mysql_server_connect_log           |
    | mysql_server_group_replication_log |
    | mysql_server_ping_log              |
    | mysql_server_read_only_log         |
    | mysql_server_replication_lag_log   |
    +------------------------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.000 sec)
    
    runtime_开头的是运行时的配置,这些是不能修改的。要修改ProxySQL的配置,需要修改了非runtime_表,修改后必须执行LOAD ... TO RUNTIME
    才能加载到RUNTIME生效,执行save ... to disk才能将配置持久化保存到磁盘。
    
    使用insert语句添加主机到mysql_servers表中,其中:hostgroup_id 10 表示写组,20表示读组。
    admin> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'172.16.60.211',3306); 
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'172.16.60.212',3306);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> insert into mysql_servers(hostgroup_id,hostname,port) values(10,'172.16.60.213',3306);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    查看这3个节点是否插入成功,以及它们的状态。
    admin> select * from mysql_serversG;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
           hostgroup_id: 10
               hostname: 172.16.60.211
                   port: 3306
                 status: ONLINE
                 weight: 1
            compression: 0
        max_connections: 1000
    max_replication_lag: 0
                use_ssl: 0
         max_latency_ms: 0
                comment: 
    *************************** 2. row ***************************
           hostgroup_id: 10
               hostname: 172.16.60.212
                   port: 3306
                 status: ONLINE
                 weight: 1
            compression: 0
        max_connections: 1000
    max_replication_lag: 0
                use_ssl: 0
         max_latency_ms: 0
                comment: 
    *************************** 3. row ***************************
           hostgroup_id: 10
               hostname: 172.16.60.213
                   port: 3306
                 status: ONLINE
                 weight: 1
            compression: 0
        max_connections: 1000
    max_replication_lag: 0
                use_ssl: 0
         max_latency_ms: 0
                comment: 
    3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
    
    ERROR: No query specified
    
    admin> 
    
    如上修改后,加载到RUNTIME,并保存到disk
    admin> load mysql servers to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.005 sec)
    
    admin> save mysql servers to disk;   
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.468 sec)
    

    4)监控后端MySQL节点

    如上添加Mysql节点之后,还需要监控这些后端节点。对于后端是主从复制的环境来说,这是必须的,因为ProxySQL需要通过每个节点的read_only值来自动调整
    它们是属于读组还是写组。
    
    首先在后端master主数据节点上创建一个用于监控的用户名(只需在master上创建即可,因为会复制到slave上),这个用户名只需具有USAGE权限即可。如果还需
    要监控复制结构中slave是否严重延迟于master(这个俗语叫做"拖后腿",术语叫做"replication lag"),则还需具备replication client权限。
    
    即在mysql-master主数据库节点行执行:
    mysql> create user monitor@'172.16.60.%' identified by 'P@ssword1!'; 
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
    
    mysql> grant replication client on *.* to monitor@'172.16.60.%';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
    
    然后回到mysql-proxy代理层节点上配置监控
    admin> set mysql-monitor_username='monitor';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> set mysql-monitor_password='P@ssword1!';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    修改后,加载到RUNTIME,并保存到disk
    admin> load mysql variables to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> save mysql variables to disk;
    Query OK, 96 rows affected (0.180 sec)
    
    验证监控结果:ProxySQL监控模块的指标都保存在monitor库的log表中。
    
    以下是连接是否正常的监控(对connect指标的监控):(在前面可能会有很多connect_error,这是因为没有配置监控信息时的错误,
    配置后如果connect_error的结果为NULL则表示正常)
    admin> select * from mysql_server_connect_log;
    +---------------+------+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | hostname      | port | time_start_us    | connect_success_time_us | connect_error                                                          |
    +---------------+------+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436747566683 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436748167350 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436748767837 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436807566915 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436808112262 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436808657603 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436867566829 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436868151063 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436868735236 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436927567060 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436928247532 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436928927772 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436987567058 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436988049160 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436988531003 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437047567194 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437048132480 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437048697765 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437107567258 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437108310411 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437109053480 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437167567303 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437168158076 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437168748763 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437227567525 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437228288921 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437229010153 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437287567412 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437288343609 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437289119851 | 0                       | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'docker-node2' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437295397678 | 1388                    | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437295826682 | 1377                    | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437296255659 | 8072                    | NULL                                                                   |
    +---------------+------+------------------+-------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    33 rows in set (0.001 sec)
    
    以下是对心跳信息的监控(对ping指标的监控)
    admin> select * from mysql_server_ping_log;
    +---------------+------+------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | hostname      | port | time_start_us    | ping_success_time_us | ping_error                                                             |
    +---------------+------+------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436798804839 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.213' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436798875555 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436798946212 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547436808804803 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.213' (using password: YES)  |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547436808931415 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547436809058082 | 0                    | Access denied for user 'monitor'@'172.16.60.214' (using password: YES) |
    ....................
    ....................
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437295030407 | 335                  | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437295159540 | 218                  | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547437295288638 | 172                  | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437365241682 | 337                  | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437375031403 | 435                  | NULL                                                                   |
    ..................
    ..................
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547437395160777 | 469                  | NULL                                                                   |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547437395289919 | 377                  | NULL                                                                   |
    +---------------+------+------------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
    183 rows in set (0.001 sec)
    
    但是,read_only和replication_lag的监控日志都为空。
    admin> select * from mysql_server_read_only_log;
    Empty set (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> select * from mysql_server_replication_lag_log;
    Empty set (0.000 sec)
    
    例如,指定写组的id为10,读组的id为20。
    admin> insert into mysql_replication_hostgroups values(10,20,1);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    在该配置加载到RUNTIME生效之前,先查看下各mysql server所在的组。
    admin> select hostgroup_id,hostname,port,status,weight from mysql_servers;
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    | hostgroup_id | hostname      | port | status | weight |
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    | 10           | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    | 10           | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    | 10           | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
    
    3个节点都在hostgroup_id=10的组中。
    现在,将刚才mysql_replication_hostgroups表的修改加载到RUNTIME生效。
    admin> load mysql servers to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.005 sec)
    
    admin> save mysql servers to disk;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.406 sec)
    
    一加载,Monitor模块就会开始监控后端的read_only值,当监控到read_only值后,就会按照read_only的值将某些节点自动移动到读/写组。
    例如,此处所有节点都在id=10的写组,slave1和slave2都是slave,它们的read_only=1,这两个节点将会移动到id=20的组。
    如果一开始这3节点都在id=20的读组,那么移动的将是Master节点,会移动到id=10的写组。
    
    现在看结果
    admin> select hostgroup_id,hostname,port,status,weight from mysql_servers;
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    | hostgroup_id | hostname      | port | status | weight |
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    | 10           | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    | 20           | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    | 20           | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | ONLINE | 1      |
    +--------------+---------------+------+--------+--------+
    3 rows in set (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> select * from mysql_server_read_only_log;
    +---------------+------+------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
    | hostname      | port | time_start_us    | success_time_us | read_only | error |
    +---------------+------+------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
    | 172.16.60.212 | 3306 | 1547438982938183 | 694             | 1         | NULL  |
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547438982950903 | 741             | 0         | NULL  |
    ..............
    ..............
    | 172.16.60.211 | 3306 | 1547439054961006 | 517             | 0         | NULL  |
    | 172.16.60.213 | 3306 | 1547439054977658 | 479             | 1         | NULL  |
    +---------------+------+------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
    147 rows in set (0.001 sec)

    5)配置mysql_users

    上面的所有配置都是关于后端MySQL节点的,现在可以配置关于SQL语句的,包括:发送SQL语句的用户、SQL语句的路由规则、SQL查询的缓存、
    SQL语句的重写等等。本小节是SQL请求所使用的用户配置,例如root用户。这要求我们需要先在后端MySQL节点添加好相关用户。这里以root和
    sqlsender两个用户名为例。
    
    首先,在mysql-master主数据库节点上执行:(只需master执行即可,会复制给两个slave)
    mysql> grant all on *.* to root@'172.16.60.%' identified by 'passwd';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)
    
    mysql> grant all on *.* to sqlsender@'172.16.60.%' identified by 'P@ssword1!';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.15 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
    
    然后回到mysql-proxy代理层节点,配置mysql_users表,将刚才的两个用户添加到该表中。
    admin> insert into mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup) values('root','passwd',10);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> insert into mysql_users(username,password,default_hostgroup) values('sqlsender','P@ssword1!',10);
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> load mysql users to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> save mysql users to disk;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.108 sec)
    
    mysql_users表有不少字段,最主要的三个字段为username、password和default_hostgroup:
    -  username:前端连接ProxySQL,以及ProxySQL将SQL语句路由给MySQL所使用的用户名。
    -  password:用户名对应的密码。可以是明文密码,也可以是hash密码。如果想使用hash密码,可以先在某个MySQL节点上执行
       select password(PASSWORD),然后将加密结果复制到该字段。
    -  default_hostgroup:该用户名默认的路由目标。例如,指定root用户的该字段值为10时,则使用root用户发送的SQL语句默认
       情况下将路由到hostgroup_id=10组中的某个节点。
    
    admin> select * from mysql_usersG
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                  username: root
                  password: passwd
                    active: 1
                   use_ssl: 0
         default_hostgroup: 10
            default_schema: NULL
             schema_locked: 0
    transaction_persistent: 1
              fast_forward: 0
                   backend: 1
                  frontend: 1
           max_connections: 10000
    *************************** 2. row ***************************
                  username: sqlsender
                  password: P@ssword1!
                    active: 1
                   use_ssl: 0
         default_hostgroup: 10
            default_schema: NULL
             schema_locked: 0
    transaction_persistent: 1
              fast_forward: 0
                   backend: 1
                  frontend: 1
           max_connections: 10000
    2 rows in set (0.000 sec)
    
    虽然这里没有详细介绍mysql_users表,但上面标注了"注意本行"的两个字段必须要引起注意。只有active=1的用户才是有效的用户。
    至于transaction_persistent字段,当它的值为1时,表示事务持久化:当某连接使用该用户开启了一个事务后,那么在事务提交/回滚之前,
    所有的语句都路由到同一个组中,避免语句分散到不同组。在以前的版本中,默认值为0,不知道从哪个版本开始,它的默认值为1。
    我们期望的值为1,所以在继续下面的步骤之前,先查看下这个值,如果为0,则执行下面的语句修改为1。
    
    admin> update mysql_users set transaction_persistent=1 where username='root';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> update mysql_users set transaction_persistent=1 where username='sqlsender';
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)
    
    admin> load mysql users to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
    
    admin> save mysql users to disk;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.098 sec)
    
    然后,另开一个终端,分别使用root用户和sqlsender用户测试下它们是否能路由到默认的hostgroup_id=10(它是一个写组)读、写数据。
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e "select @@server_id"            #这是通过转发端口6033连接的,连接的是转发到后端真正的数据库!
    +-------------+
    | @@server_id |
    +-------------+
    |           1 |
    +-------------+
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e "create database proxy_test"
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e "show databases;"
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | kevin              |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | proxy_test         |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -usqlsender -pP@ssword1! -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'use proxy_test;create table t(id int);' 
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -usqlsender -pP@ssword1! -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'show tables from proxy_test;'
    +----------------------+
    | Tables_in_proxy_test |
    +----------------------+
    | t                    |
    +----------------------+

    6)读写分离:配置路由规则

    ProxySQL的路由规则非常灵活,可以基于用户、基于schema以及基于每个语句实现路由规则的定制。本案例作为一个入门配置,实现一个最简单的语句级路由规则,从而实现读写分离。
    必须注意,这只是实验,实际的路由规则绝不应该仅根据所谓的读、写操作进行分离,而是从各项指标中找出压力大、执行频繁的语句单独写规则、做缓存等等。和查询规则有关的表有两个:
    mysql_query_rules和mysql_query_rules_fast_routing,后者是前者的扩展表,1.4.7之后才支持该快速路由表。本案例只介绍第一个表。插入两个规则,目的是将select语句分离到
    hostgroup_id=20的读组,但由于select语句中有一个特殊语句SELECT...FOR UPDATE它会申请写锁,所以应该路由到hostgroup_id=10的写组。
    
    admin> insert into mysql_query_rules(rule_id,active,match_digest,destination_hostgroup,apply) VALUES (1,1,'^SELECT.*FOR UPDATE$',10,1), (2,1,'^SELECT',20,1);
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.001 sec)
      
    admin> load mysql query rules to runtime;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.000 sec)
      
    admin> save mysql query rules to disk;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.179 sec)
      
    需要注意: select ... for update规则的rule_id必须要小于普通的select规则的rule_id,因为ProxySQL是根据rule_id的顺序进行规则匹配的。
      
    再来测试下,读操作是否路由给了hostgroup_id=20的读组。
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select @@server_id'
    +-------------+
    | @@server_id |
    +-------------+
    |           3 |
    +-------------+
      
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select @@server_id'
    +-------------+
    | @@server_id |
    +-------------+
    |           2 |
    +-------------+
      
    读操作已经路由给读组,再看看写操作。这里以事务持久化进行测试。
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'start transaction;select @@server_id;commit;select @@server_id;'
    +-------------+
    | @@server_id |
    +-------------+
    |           1 |
    +-------------+
    +-------------+
    | @@server_id |
    +-------------+
    |           3 |
    +-------------+
      
    显然,一切都按照预期进行。最后,如果想查看路由的信息,可查询stats库中的stats_mysql_query_digest表。
    以下是该表的一个输出格式示例(和本案例无关)。
    admin> SELECT hostgroup hg, sum_time, count_star, digest_text FROM stats_mysql_query_digest ORDER BY sum_time DESC;
    +----+----------+------------+----------------------------------+
    | hg | sum_time | count_star | digest_text                      |
    +----+----------+------------+----------------------------------+
    | 10 | 236771   | 1          | create table t(id int)           |
    | 10 | 53767    | 1          | create database proxy_test       |
    | 20 | 10344    | 1          | select @@server_id               |
    | 20 | 3350     | 3          | select @@server_id               |
    | 10 | 2469     | 2          | SELECT DATABASE()                |
    | 10 | 1678     | 2          | select @@server_id               |
    | 10 | 1193     | 1          | show databases                   |
    | 10 | 1191     | 1          | start transaction                |
    | 10 | 815      | 1          | show tables from proxy_test      |
    | 10 | 289      | 1          | reate table t(id int)            |
    | 10 | 162      | 1          | commit                           |
    | 10 | 0        | 6          | select @@version_comment limit ? |
    | 10 | 0        | 4          | select @@version_comment limit ? |
    | 10 | 0        | 1          | select @@version_comment limit ? |
    +----+----------+------------+----------------------------------+
    14 rows in set (0.002 sec)

    7)最后测试通过proxysql插件进行读写分离

    mysql-master主数据库查看
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 10 | xihu      |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    +----+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
      
    mysql-slave1和mysql-slave2两个从数据库查看
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 10 | xihu      |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    +----+-----------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
      
    在mysql-proxy代理层节点,通过proxysql进行数据写入,并查看
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'insert into kevin.haha values(21,"zhongguo"),(22,"xianggang"),(23,"taiwan");'
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'delete from kevin.haha where id=10' 
     
    [root@mysql-proxy ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h127.0.0.1 -e 'select * from kevin.haha;'                                          
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    | 21 | zhongguo  |
    | 22 | xianggang |
    | 23 | taiwan    |
     
    在mysql-master主数据库节点查看
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    | 21 | zhongguo  |
    | 22 | xianggang |
    | 23 | taiwan    |
    +----+-----------+
    7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    在mysql-slave1和mysql-slave2从数据库节点查看
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    | 21 | zhongguo  |
    | 22 | xianggang |
    | 23 | taiwan    |
    +----+-----------+
    7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
     
    发现在客户端通过proxysql插件更新的数据,已经写到mysql-master主数据库上,并同步到mysql-slave1和mysql-slave2两个从数据库上了!
    
    ==========================需要注意=======================
    上面测试的客户机是在mysql-proxy本机,所以用127.0.0.1.
    如果是在别的客户机上,那么连接命令中就用proxysql的地址,即"mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h172.16.60.214"
    
    比如在mysql-slave2机器上连接proxysql插件:
    [root@mysql-slave2 ~]# mysql -uroot -ppasswd -P6033 -h172.16.60.214
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 47
    Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | kevin              |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | proxy_test         |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    删除上面创建的proxy_test测试库
    mysql> drop database proxy_test;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | kevin              |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from kevin.haha;
    +----+-----------+
    | id | name      |
    +----+-----------+
    |  5 | hefei     |
    |  8 | beijing   |
    | 11 | changping |
    | 12 | wangjing  |
    | 21 | zhongguo  |
    | 22 | xianggang |
    | 23 | taiwan    |
    +----+-----------+
    7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    至此,MySQL5.7基于GTID主从复制+并行复制+半同步复制+读写分离的环境部署工作已完成。 

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/5569652.html
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