越来越多的开源库开始使用ES2015来构建代码了,大家知道ES6=ES2015,ES6在2015年被ECMAScript标准化组织approve,各大浏览器厂商要完全支持ES6的强大功能还须一些时日,对于喜爱新尝试的同学难道只有干等吗?幸运的是有了babel,traceur等transpiler的帮助,我们根本不用等待浏览器原生支持ES6才开始使用新技术了!其实babel做的事情很简单,他就是把es6的代码转换成浏览器认识的ES5代码。简单举一个例子,比如ES6中引入的语言原生支持模块的关键字import, export在仅实现ES5的浏览器中无法运行,因此babel做的就是将import, export转换为commonJS的模块格式require, exports, 随后在加载到浏览器端的SystemJS模块加载器的帮助下(或者通过webpack,browserify Module bundler工具整合),就能完全实现了ES6模块的功能。
本文视图整理我在学习ES6过程中遇到的一些常见重要知识点和疑惑的问题
Variable and Parameters
block scope
ES6中引入了block scope的概念,配合使用let来declare一个变量的话,该变量就只在block中可见
if (flag){ let x = 3; // x只在这个{}block中可见 } return x; // x is not defined error!
declared vs initialized
var x; // declared
x = 5 ; // initialized
'use strict'; function udpate(){ pid = 12; } let pid = null; update(); console.log(pid); //12 和var声明的变量类似,外部scope可以被inner访问,由于pid在全局定义,函数内可以访问全局变量
let vs var
let支持块作用域,不会像var那样hoisted到前面
同样let支持for block
for (let i=0;i <10; i++) { } return i // i not defined, 原因是i只在for loop中可见 for (var i=0;i <10; i++) { } return i // i==10
let在for loop中以及closure下和传统var的区别
'use strict'; let updatefns = []; for (let i=0;i<2;i++){ updatefns.push(function(){ return i; //注意let在for loop中使用时,每一次循环都会在for block中定义一个新的i,所以updatefns[0]()将返回0而不是2~!! //好好体会这一点:在es5中的closure则会返回2 }); consoloe.log(updatefns[0]()); //返回0 consoloe.log(updatefns[1]()); //返回1
const(chrome,firefox支持的,貌似非es6标准)
const MAX_AGE 130 MAX_AGE = 200 //syntax error
const NOTINIT //语法错误,const必须初始化!
注意:const的scope和let是一致的,这是es6引入的新特性
Destructuring
let x = 2; let y = 3; [x,y] = [y,x] //[3,2] // 右边的是array, 左边不是array,而是destructuring,只对x,和y赋值 // destructuring assignment, 注意 let [x,y]=[2,3] //这里对x,y两个单个变量赋值: x=2, y=3并且在后面可以直接访问 expect(x).toBe(2) expect(y).toBe(3); var retv = function(){ return [1,2,3]; } let [, x , y] = retv(); // [1,2,3]解构 这里 , 号表示忽略部分结构单元 exepct(x).toBe(2) exepct(y).toBe(3) var retO = function(){ return { firstName: "alice", lastName: "zhang", social: { qq: "13442", wechat: "wechatalice" } } } let { firstName: f, lastName: l, social:{wechat: weixin}} = retO(); //f = "alice", l = "zhang" , weixin = "wechatalice" let { firstName, lastNamel, social:{wechat}} = retO(); //firstName= "alice", lastName = "zhang" , wechat = "wechatalice" //模拟一个ajax call返回结果解构: let ajax = function(url, {data, cache}{ return data; //注意这里data是从ajax调用者传入的配置对象解构出来data字段后直接返回的 //在通常的ajax调用中,则从server端返回 } let result = ajax("api/test", { data: "test data for ajax", //这是ajax调用的传入对象,可以被ajax解构成变量 cache: false }); expect(result).toBe("test data for ajax") // true
再看一些例子:
let salary = ['1000',3000','2000']; let [ low, ...remaining ] = salary; //在destructuring中使用rest操作符 console.log(remaining); // ["3000","2000"] let salary = ['1000',3000']; let [ low, average, hight = '8000' ] = salary; //在destructuring中使用默认参数 console.log(high); // 8000 let salary = ['1000',3000']; let low, average, hight; // 先let声明变量 [ low, average, hight = '8000' ] = salary; //通过destructuring来赋值变量 console.log(high); // 8000 function reviewSalary([low, average], high = '8000'){ console.log(average); //在这里通过destructure传入的数组来赋值average } reviewSalary(['2000','3000']); //3000
destucturing object需要注意的点:
let salary = { low: '3000', average: '4000', high: '5000' } let newLow, newAverage, newHigh; { low: newLow, average: newAverage, high: newHigh} = salary; //注意额,这个是会出现syntax error的,原因是js引擎会认为是一条语句, //解决方案是用()括起来 ({ low: newLow, average: newAverage, high: newHigh} = salary); // 5000 let [high, low] = null; //会出错,destructure的对象必须要支持iterator
default value(默认参数值)
var doWork = function(name){ // es5中对默认name参数的处理方法:使用|| 操作符,如果不传入name,则name就为zhangsan name = name || "zhangsan" ; return name; }; var doWork = function(name = "zhangsan"){ // es6给name参数一个默认值,如果不传入name,则name就为zhangsan return name; }; doWork(); //默认参数同样适用于解构: let ajax = function(url, {data = “default data”, cache}{ return data; //注意这里data是从ajax调用者传入的配置对象解构出来data字段后直接返回的, // 如果传入对象不含data,则取默认值 default data //在通常的ajax调用中,则从server端返回 } let result = ajax("api/test", { cache: false }); expect(result).toBe("default data") // true
Rest Parameters ...paraName (必须是最后一个参数)
let sum = function(name, ...numbers){ // rest parameter必须是函数的最后一个参数 let result = 0; for (let i=0;i<numbers.length;i++){ result += numbers[i]; } return result; }
let result = sum("alicechang") // 0 // 如果不传入numbers参数,则numbers就是一个空数组[]
let result = sum("alicechang",1,2,3) // 6 // 注意这时numbers就是一个数组了[1,2,3] let result = sum("alicechang",1,3,5,6) //15 // 注意这时numbers就是一个数组了[1,3,5,6]
Spread Operator ...[a1,a2,a3]
let dowork = function(x,y,z){ return x+y+z; } var result =dowork(...[1,2,3]); //将数组中的3个数分别传给x,y,z形参 expect(result).toBe(6) //也可以用来构建新的数组: var a = [4,5,6]; var b = [1,2,3, ...a, 7,8,9]; // b就等于 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]了!!
同时也可以用在对字符串的操作上:
var maxCode = Math.max(..."43201"); console.log(maxCode); // 4 var codeArray = ["A",..."BCD","E"]; console.log(codeArray);// ["A","B","C","D","E"];
通过...实现配置项的合并
export default { install(vue, opts){ // Merge options argument into options defaults const options = { ...optionsDefaults, ...opts } ... } }
Template Literal: `template String ${ varName }`
let category = "music"; let id = 1234; let url = `http://myserver.com/${category}/${id}`; //这时 url中的变量就会被替换,最后的value = http://myserver.com/music/1234
更多的例子:
let invoiceNum = '1350'; console.log(`Invoice Number: ${"INV-"+invoiceNum}`); //Invoice Number: INV-1350 //插值早于函数被调用! function showMsg(message){ let invoiceNum = '99'; //注意这个invoiceNum不会被用到,因为插值要早于函数调用 } let invoiceNum = '1350'; showMsg(`Invoice Number: ${invoiceNum}`); //Invoice Number: 1350
template还支持所谓的tag, tag template literal 比如:
let upper = function(strings,...values){ let result = ""; for (var i=0; i <strings.length; i++){ result+=strings[i]; if (i<values.length){ result+= values [i]; } } return result.toUpperCase(); } var x = 1; y =3; var result = upper `${x} + ${y} is equal to ${x+y}`; // result为: 1 + 3 IS EQUAL TO 4
再看看几个所谓tag template literal的例子:
function processInvoice(segments){ console.log(segments); } processInvoice `template` ; // ["template"] 这是我们的template literal的value //更复杂一点的例子: function processInvoice(segments, ...values){ console.log(segments); console.log(values); } let invoiceNum = '1350'; let amount = '2000'; // 在这里tag就是processInvoice, template literal就是`Invoice......${amount}` processInvoice `Invoice: ${invoiceNum} for ${amount}`; //输出内容 ["Invoice: "," for ", ""] //这就是所有独立的string内容 [1350,2000] //这就是所有插值的value
可以参考: http://exploringjs.com/es6/ch_template-literals.html 来详细了解所谓tag template literal的功用
Arrow Functions =>(this指向问题)
var getPrice = () => 5.99; console.log(typeof getPrice); // function var getPrice = count => count*4.00; //只有一个参数时,可以不用() console.log(getPrice(2)); // 8
arrow functions除了具有以上语法格式简洁的优点外,更重要的是为了解决es5中的this难题:
document.addEventListener('click',function(){ console.log(this); //这里this为#document(接收事件的哪个对象),而不 //不是代码执行的context(代码执行时function的context实际上应该是window! }); document.addEventListener('click',() => console.log(this); //这里this为window!也就是function执行时的context );
更多关于arrow function中的this指向问题
var invoice = { number: 123, process: function(){ consoloe.log(this); } } invoice.process(); // object invoice, ES5中this is being set to the object on which the function(owns the this) is called var invoice = { number: 123, process: () =>{ consoloe.log(this); } } invoice.process(); // window, arrow function中的this指向context the code running on var invoice = { number: 123, process: function(){ return () => consoloe.log(this.number); } } involice.process()(); //123, this指向invoice var invoice = { number: 123, process: function(){ return () => consoloe.log(this.number); } } var newInvoice = { number: 456 } involice.process().bind(newInvoice)(); //123, 注意bind不能绑定一个对象到一个arrow function!甚至js会抛出错误, 不能修改arrow的this involice.process().call(newInvoice); //123, 注意call也不能绑定一个对象到一个arrow function!甚至js会抛出错误, 不能修改arrow的this
arrow function不具有prototype属性(传统ES5的函数都具有该属性可以访问使用)
var getPrice = () => 5.99; console.log(getPrice.hasOwnProperty('prototype') //false,因为arrow function不具有prototype属性!
Object Literal extension
var price = 5, quantity = 30; var productView = { price, // = price: price quantity // =quantity: quantity } console.log(productView); // {price: 5, quantity: 30} var field = 'dynamicField'; var price = 5; var productView = { [field+"-001"]: price } console.log(productView); //返回{dynamicFiled-001: 5}
for ... of loops
var cates = ['hardware','software']; for (var item of cates){ cosole.log(item); // hardware software } var cates = [,,]; for (var item of cates){ cosole.log(item); // undefined undefined } var codes = "ABCDE"; var count = 0; for (var code of codes){ count++; } console.log(count); //5 for ... of可以loop字符串