oracle sql命令

set time on; 设置时间

alter table flashback_test enable row movement; 开启行移

select * from flashback_test as of timestamp to_timestamp('2019-2-22 09:45:43','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'); 查看时间点的内容

show parameter recyclebin; 查看回收站功能是否开启
    
select * from t11 versions between timestamp(systimestamp -interval '12' minute) and maxvalue;    查询12分组以内的改动

select versions_xid,versions_startscn,versions_endscn,id from t11 versions between timestamp(systimestamp - interval '13' minute) and maxvalue;  事务闪回查询


sqlplus sys/123456@oracle01 as sysdba  登入


select status from v$instance;  查看状态 nomount mount  open


select file#,checkpoint_change# from v$datafile_header;  数据文件头检查

select file#,checkpoint_change#,last_change# from v$datafile; 数据文件检查

select checkpoint_change# from v$database; 系统检查


alter database open  数据库打开

一、switchover_status概念：
A 如果switchover_status为TO_PRIMARY 说明标记恢复可以直接转换为primary库alter database commit to switchover to primary
B 如果switchover_status为SESSION ACTIVE 就应该断开活动会话alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown;
C 如果switchover_status为NOT ALLOWED 说明切换标记还没收到，此时不能执行转换。


 SHOW PARAMETER background_dump_dest  查看数据库的日志文件


select status from v$instance;   数据库状态

select * from v$controlfile; 查看控制文件是否正常

select * from v$log;查看日志

select * from v$logfile;查看日志文件


查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小

select tablespace_name,
       file_id,
       file_name,
       round(bytes / (1024 * 1024), 0) filesize
  from dba_data_files
 order by tablespace_name;

查询表空间的碎片程度

select tablespace_name, count(tablespace_name)
  from dba_free_space
 group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name) > 10;

查看碎片程度高的表
SELECT segment_name table_name, COUNT(*) extents
  FROM dba_segments
 WHERE owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
 GROUP BY segment_name
HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*))
                     FROM dba_segments
                    GROUP BY segment_name);

查看表空间的使用情况

select sum(bytes) / (1024 * 1024) as free_space, tablespace_name
  from dba_free_space
 group by tablespace_name;

SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,
       A.BYTES TOTAL,
       B.BYTES USED,
       C.BYTES FREE,
       (B.BYTES * 100) / A.BYTES "% USED",
       (C.BYTES * 100) / A.BYTES "% FREE"
  FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A, SYS.SM$TS_USED B, SYS.SM$TS_FREE C
 WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME = B.TABLESPACE_NAME
   AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME = C.TABLESPACE_NAME;

查看数据库对象

select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count#
  from all_objects
 group by owner, object_type, status;

查看数据库的版本

Select version
  FROM Product_component_version
 Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT, 1, 6) = 'Oracle';

查看Oracle字符集

select * from sys.props$ where name = 'NLS_CHARACTERSET';

查看还没提交的事务

select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;

　　查看所有用户：
select * from dba_users;
select * from all_users;
select * from user_users;

查看用户或角色系统权限(直接赋值给用户或角色的系统权限)：
select * from dba_sys_privs;
select * from user_sys_privs;

查看角色(只能查看登陆用户拥有的角色)所包含的权限
sql>select * from role_sys_privs;

查看用户对象权限：
select * from dba_tab_privs;
select * from all_tab_privs;
select * from user_tab_privs;

查看所有角色：
select * from dba_roles;

查看用户或角色所拥有的角色：
select * from dba_role_privs;
select * from user_role_privs;

查看哪些用户有sysdba或sysoper系统权限(查询时需要相应权限)
select * from V$PWFILE_USERS

比如我要查看用户 kingle的拥有的权限：
SQL> select * from dba_sys_privs where grantee='kingle';

GRANTEE PRIVILEGE ADMIN_OPTION
------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------
kingle CREATE TRIGGER NO
kingle UNLIMITED TABLESPACE NO

比如我要查看用户 kingle的拥有的角色：
SQL> select * from dba_role_privs where grantee='kingle';

GRANTEE GRANTED_ROLE ADMIN_OPTION DEFAULT_ROLE
------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------ ------------
kingle DBA NO YES

查看一个用户所有的权限及角色
select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee='kingle'
union
select privilege from dba_sys_privs where grantee in
(select granted_role from dba_role_privs where grantee='kingle' );

确定数据库 的启动方式:
方式一 show parameter spfile
方式二 

SQL> set linesize 120

SQL> col name format a10

SQL> col value format a60

SQL> select name,value from v$parameter where name='spfile';

-- 查看表空间文件

select TABLESPACE_NAME,FILE_NAME from dba_data_files where TABLESPACE_NAME='TEST03';

--查询表空间的free space

select tablespace_name, count(*) AS extends,round(sum(bytes) / 1024 / 1024, 2) AS MB,sum(blocks) AS blocks from dba_free_space group BY tablespace_name;

--查询表空间的总容量

select tablespace_name, sum(bytes) / 1024 / 1024 as MB from dba_data_files group by tablespace_name;

--查询表空间使用率

SELECT total.tablespace_name,

       Round(total.MB, 2)           AS Total_MB,

       Round(total.MB - free.MB, 2) AS Used_MB,

       Round(( 1 - free.MB / total.MB ) * 100, 2)

       || '%'                       AS Used_Pct

FROM   (SELECT tablespace_name,

               Sum(bytes) / 1024 / 1024 AS MB

        FROM   dba_free_space

        GROUP  BY tablespace_name) free,

       (SELECT tablespace_name,

               Sum(bytes) / 1024 / 1024 AS MB

        FROM   dba_data_files

        GROUP  BY tablespace_name) total

WHERE  free.tablespace_name = total.tablespace_name;

查看系统的SCN号

select dbms_flashback.get_system_change_number from dual;

select checkpoint_change# from v$database;

回滚查询

1 查询数据库的的回滚段情况

select owner,segment_id,segment_name,tablespace_name,status from dba_rollback_segs;

2 查看系统回滚段基本信息

select segment_name,tablespace_name,bytes,next_extent from dba_segments where segment_type='ROLLBACK';

从上面仅仅是查询到回滚段的基本信息，要了目前各个回滚段的动态信息，还要查询V$ROLLNAME和V$ROLLSTAT视图。V$ROLLNAME视图只存放各回滚段的编号和名字，V$ROLLSTATS存放各个回滚段当前的情况信息。要想得到每个回滚段的信息，就要查询两个表的信息才能得到。如：

select s.usn,n.name,s.extents,s.optsize,s.hwmsize,s.status from v$rollstat s, v$rollname n where s.usn=n.usn

 

2 查看回滚段的使用情况，哪个用户正在使用回滚段的资源(当提交或回滚后资源释放):

SELECT s.username, u.name FROM v$transaction t, v$rollstat r, v$rollname u, v$session s WHERE s.taddr = t.addr AND t.xidusn = r.usn AND r.usn = u.usn ORDER BY s.username;

 

3 回滚段当前活动的事物(事务提交或回滚后自动清空)

SELECT s.username,t.xidusn,t.ubafil,t.ubablk,t.used_ublk  FROM v$session s,v$transaction t;

 

4 分析 UNDO 的使用情况

SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,STATUS,TRUNC(SUM(BLOCKS) * 8 / 1024) AS "Size M",COUNT(*) Undo_Extent_Num FROM DBA_UNDO_EXTENTS GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME, STATUS;

 

5 监控undo表空间

SELECT BEGIN_TIME, END_TIME, UNDOTSN, UNDOBLKS, TXNCOUNT,MAXCONCURRENCY AS "MAXCON"　FROM V$UNDOSTAT;

 

6 查询是否有回滚段的争用

select * from v$waitstat;

SELECT name, waits, gets, waits/gets "Ratio" FROM v$rollstat a, v$rollname b WHERE a.usn = b.usn;

 

7 查看回滚段的统计信息：

SELECT n.name, s.extents, s.rssize, s.optsize, s.hwmsize, s.xacts, s.status FROM v$rollname n, v$rollstat s WHERE n.usn = s.usn;

 

8 查询回滚段的事务回退率

transaction rollbacks/(transaction rollbacks+user commits)

select name,value from v$sysstat where name in('user commits','transaction rollbacks');

 

9 查询回滚段在使用,扩展,回缩的时候extent在循环的次数

select usn,wraps from v$rollstat;

 

10 查询回滚段收缩的情况

select usn,optsize,shrinks from v$rollstat;

监控事例的等待

select event,sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1)) "Prev",
sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0)) "Curr",count(*) "Tot"
from v$session_Wait
group by event order by 4 ;

 

 

回滚段的争用情况

select name, waits, gets, waits / gets "Ratio"
  from v$rollstat a, v$rollname b
 where a.usn = b.usn;


查看回滚段名称及大小

SELECT segment_name,
       tablespace_name,
       r.status,
       (initial_extent / 1024) initialextent,
       (next_extent / 1024) nextextent,
       max_extents,
       v.curext curextent
  FROM dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
 WHERE r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
 ORDER BY segment_name;
查看控制文件

SELECT NAME FROM v$controlfile; 


查看日志文件

SELECT MEMBER FROM v$logfile;

查看前台正在发出的SQL语句

select user_name,sql_text
　　 from v$open_cursor
　　 where sid in (select sid from (select sid,serial#,username,program
　　 from v$session
　　 where status='ACTIVE'));

数据表占用空间大小情况

select segment_name, tablespace_name, bytes, blocks
  from user_segments
 where segment_type = 'TABLE'
 ORDER BY bytes DESC, blocks DESC;


查看表空间碎片大小

 select tablespace_name,round(sqrt(max(blocks)/sum(blocks))*
           (100/sqrt(sqrt(count(blocks)))),2) FSFI
    from dba_free_space
    group by tablespace_name order by 1;



查看表空间占用磁盘情况

    select 
             b.file_id                                 文件ID号,
             b.tablespace_name                         表空间名,
             b.bytes                                 字节数,
             (b.bytes-sum(nvl(a.bytes,0)))                 已使用,
             sum(nvl(a.bytes,0))                         剩余空间,
             sum(nvl(a.bytes,0))/(b.bytes)*100         剩余百分比 
             from dba_free_space a,dba_data_files b 
             where a.file_id=b.file_id 
             group by b.tablespace_name,b.file_id,b.bytes 
             order by b.file_id;



查看表的大小，倒序排列

每张表都是作为“段”来存储的，可以通过user_segments视图查看其相应信息。
段（segments）的定义：如果创建一个堆组织表，则该表就是一个段

SELECT SEGMENT_NAME, SUM(BYTES) / 1024 / 1024 MBYTESE
  FROM USER_SEGMENTS
 WHERE SEGMENT_TYPE = 'TABLE'
 GROUP BY SEGMENT_NAME
 order by MBYTESE desc;

查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小

SELECT tablespace_name,
       file_id,
       file_name,
       round(bytes / (1024 * 1024), 0) total_space
  FROM dba_data_files
 ORDER BY tablespace_name;


查看Oracle 表空间使用率

SELECT D.TABLESPACE_NAME,  
       SPACE || 'M' "SUM_SPACE(M)",  
       SPACE - NVL (FREE_SPACE, 0) || 'M' "USED_SPACE(M)",  
       ROUND ( (1 - NVL (FREE_SPACE, 0) / SPACE) * 100, 2) || '%'  
          "USED_RATE(%)",  
       FREE_SPACE || 'M' "FREE_SPACE(M)"  
  FROM (  SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,  
                 ROUND (SUM (BYTES) / (1024 * 1024), 2) SPACE,  
                 SUM (BLOCKS) BLOCKS  
            FROM DBA_DATA_FILES  
        GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME) D,  
       (  SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,  
                 ROUND (SUM (BYTES) / (1024 * 1024), 2) FREE_SPACE  
            FROM DBA_FREE_SPACE  
        GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME) F  
 WHERE D.TABLESPACE_NAME = F.TABLESPACE_NAME(+)  
UNION ALL                                                           --如果有临时表空间  
SELECT D.TABLESPACE_NAME,  
       SPACE || 'M' "SUM_SPACE(M)",  
       USED_SPACE || 'M' "USED_SPACE(M)",  
       ROUND (NVL (USED_SPACE, 0) / SPACE * 100, 2) || '%' "USED_RATE(%)",  
       NVL (FREE_SPACE, 0) || 'M' "FREE_SPACE(M)"  
  FROM (  SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,  
                 ROUND (SUM (BYTES) / (1024 * 1024), 2) SPACE,  
                 SUM (BLOCKS) BLOCKS  
            FROM DBA_TEMP_FILES  
        GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME) D,  
       (  SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME,  
                 ROUND (SUM (BYTES_USED) / (1024 * 1024), 2) USED_SPACE,  
                 ROUND (SUM (BYTES_FREE) / (1024 * 1024), 2) FREE_SPACE  
            FROM V$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER  
        GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME) F  
 WHERE D.TABLESPACE_NAME = F.TABLESPACE_NAME(+)  
ORDER BY 1;

SELECT a.tablespace_name "表空间名",
       total "表空间大小",
       free "表空间剩余大小",
       (total - free) "表空间使用大小",
       total / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) "表空间大小(G)",
       free / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) "表空间剩余大小(G)",
       (total - free) / (1024 * 1024 * 1024) "表空间使用大小(G)",
       round((total - free) / total, 4) * 100 "使用率 %"
  FROM (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) free
          FROM dba_free_space
         GROUP BY tablespace_name) a,
       (SELECT tablespace_name, SUM(bytes) total
          FROM dba_data_files
         GROUP BY tablespace_name) b
 WHERE a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name


查看Temp 表空间实际使用磁盘大小

Select f.tablespace_name,
       d.file_name "Tempfile name",
       round((f.bytes_free + f.bytes_used) / 1024 / 1024, 2) "total MB",
       round(((f.bytes_free + f.bytes_used) - nvl(p.bytes_used, 0)) / 1024 / 1024,
             2) "Free MB",
       round(nvl(p.bytes_used, 0) / 1024 / 1024, 2) "Used MB",
       round((round(nvl(p.bytes_used, 0) / 1024 / 1024, 2) /
             round((f.bytes_free + f.bytes_used) / 1024 / 1024, 2)) * 100,
             2) as "Used_Rate(%)"
  from SYS.V_$TEMP_SPACE_HEADER f,
       DBA_TEMP_FILES           d,
       SYS.V_$TEMP_EXTENT_POOL  p
 where f.tablespace_name(+) = d.tablespace_name
   and f.file_id(+) = d.file_id
   and p.file_id(+) = d.file_id;

查看session使用回滚段

SELECT  r.name 回滚段名,
        s.sid,
        s.serial#,
        s.username 用户名,
        t.status,
        t.cr_get,
        t.phy_io,
        t.used_ublk,
        t.noundo,
        substr(s.program, 1, 78) 操作程序
FROM   sys.v_$session s,sys.v_$transaction t,sys.v_$rollname r
WHERE  t.addr = s.taddr and t.xidusn = r.usn
ORDER  BY t.cr_get,t.phy_io;



查看当前临时表空间使用大小与正在占用临时表空间的sql语句

   select sess.SID, segtype, blocks * 8 / 1000 "MB", sql_text
     from v$sort_usage sort, v$session sess, v$sql sql
    where sort.SESSION_ADDR = sess.SADDR
      and sql.ADDRESS = sess.SQL_ADDRESS
    order by blocks desc;


Temp表空间上进程的查询

select a.tablespace, b.sid, b.serial#, a.blocks,c.sql_text
  from v$sort_usage a,v$session b,v$sqltext c
 where a.session_addr = b.saddr
   and b.sql_address = c.address
 order by a.tablespace,b.sid,b.serial#,c.address, c.piece;

查看SGA区剩余可用内存

select name,
　　　　　　sgasize/1024/1024　　　　　　　　"Allocated(M)",
　　　　　　bytes/1024　　　　　　　　　　　 "**空间(K)",
　　　　　　round(bytes/sgasize*100, 2)　　　"**空间百分比(%)"
　　 from   (select sum(bytes) sgasize from sys.v_$sgastat) s, sys.v_$sgastat f
　　 where  f.name = 'free memory';


监控表空间I/O比例

select df.tablespace_name name,df.file_name "file",f.phyrds pyr, 
       f.phyblkrd pbr,f.phywrts pyw, f.phyblkwrt pbw 
from v$filestat f, dba_data_files df 
where f.file# = df.file_id 
order by df.tablespace_name;

监控SGA命中率

select a.value + b.value "logical_reads", 
       c.value "phys_reads", 
       round(100 * ((a.value+b.value)-c.value) / (a.value+b.value)) "BUFFER HIT RATIO" 
from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c 
where a.statistic# = 38 and 
      b.statistic# = 39 and 
      c.statistic# = 40 ;

监控 SGA 中字典缓冲区的命中率

select parameter, gets,Getmisses , getmisses/(gets+getmisses)*100 "miss ratio", 
(1-(sum(getmisses)/ (sum(gets)+sum(getmisses))))*100 "Hit ratio" 
from v$rowcache 
where gets+getmisses <>0 
group by parameter, gets, getmisses ;


监控 SGA **享缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%

select sum(pins) "Total Pins", sum(reloads) "Total Reloads", 
sum(reloads)/sum(pins) *100 libcache 
from v$librarycache;


监控 SGA 中重做日志缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%

SELECT name, gets, misses, immediate_gets, immediate_misses, 
Decode(gets,0,0,misses/gets*100) ratio1, 
Decode(immediate_gets+immediate_misses,0,0, 
immediate_misses/(immediate_gets+immediate_misses)*100) ratio2 
FROM v$latch WHERE name IN ('redo allocation', 'redo copy');


监控内存和硬盘的排序比率，最好使它小于 .10

SELECT name, value 
FROM v$sysstat 
WHERE name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts (disk)') ;


监控字典缓冲区

SELECT SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARY GETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES" 
FROM V$ROWCACHE ;



非系统用户建在SYSTEM表空间中的表

SELECT owner,table_name 
FROM DBA_TABLES
WHERE tablespace_name in('SYSTEM','USER_DATA') AND 
      owner NOT IN('SYSTEM','SYS','OUTLN', 'ORDSYS','MDSYS','SCOTT', 'HOSTEAC');



性能最差的SQL

SELECT * FROM ( SELECT PARSING_USER_ID EXECUTIONS,SORTS,COMMAND_TYPE,DISK_READS,sql_text 
                FROM v$sqlarea 
                ORDER BY disk_reads DESC) 
WHERE ROWNUM<100;



读磁盘数超100次的sql

select * from sys.v_$sqlarea where disk_reads>100;


查找消耗资源比较的sql语句

  Select se.username,
          se.sid,
          su.extents,
          su.blocks * to_number(rtrim(p.value)) as Space,
          tablespace,
          segtype,
          sql_text
     from v$sort_usage su, v$parameter p, v$session se, v$sql s
    where p.name = 'db_block_size'
      and su.session_addr = se.saddr
      and s.hash_value = su.sqlhash
      and s.address = su.sqladdr
    order by se.username, se.sid;


最频繁执行的sql

select * from sys.v_$sqlarea where executions>100;

查询使用CPU多的用户session

select a.sid,spid,status,substr(a.program,1,40) prog,a.terminal,osuser,value/60/100 value 
from v$session a,v$process b,v$sesstat c 
where c.statistic#=12 and 
      c.sid=a.sid and 
      a.paddr=b.addr 
order by value desc;

当前每个会话使用的对象数

SELECT a.sid,s.terminal,s.program,count(a.sid) 
FROM V$ACCESS a,V$SESSION s
WHERE a.owner <> 'SYS'AND s.sid = a.sid 
GROUP BY a.sid,s.terminal,s.program
ORDER BY count(a.sid) ;


查看数据库库对象

SELECT owner, object_type, status, COUNT(*) count#
  FROM all_objects
 GROUP BY owner, object_type, status;


查看数据库的版本　

SELECT version 
FROM product_component_version 
WHERE substr(product, 1, 6) = 'Oracle'; 


查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式

SELECT created, log_mode, log_mode FROM v$database; 



检查角色和权限设置
根据用户名进行授权的对象级特权

select b.owner || '.' || b.table_name obj,
       b.privilege what_granted,
       b.grantable,
       a.username
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_tab_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
 order by 1, 2, 3;

根据被授权人进行授权的对象级特权

Select owner || '.' || table_name obj,
       privilege what_granted,
       grantable,
       grantee
  from sys.dba_tab_privs
 where not exists (select 'x' from sys.dba_users where username = grantee)
 order by 1, 2, 3;


根据用户名进行授予的系统级特权

select b.privilege what_granted, b.admin_option, a.username
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_sys_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
 order by 1, 2;


根据被授权人进行授予的系统级特权

select privilege what_granted, admin_option, grantee
  from sys.dba_sys_privs
 where not exists (select 'x' from sys.dba_users where username = grantee)
 order by 1, 2;


根据用户名授予的角色

select b.granted_role ||
       decode(admin_option, 'YES', ' (With Admin Option)', null) what_granted,
       a.username
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_role_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
 order by 1;

根据被授权人授予的角色

select granted_role ||
       decode(admin_option, 'YES', ' (With Admin Option)', null) what_granted,
       grantee
  from sys.dba_role_privs
 where not exists (select 'x' from sys.dba_users where username = grantee)
 order by 1;
用户名及已被授予的相应权限

select a.username,
       b.granted_role ||
       decode(admin_option, 'YES', ' (With Admin Option)', null) what_granted
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_role_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
UNION
select a.username,
       b.privilege ||
       decode(admin_option, 'YES', ' (With Admin Option)', null) what_granted
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_sys_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
UNION
select a.username,
       b.table_name || '-' || b.privilege ||
       decode(grantable, 'YES', ' (With Grant Option)', null) what_granted
  from sys.dba_users a, sys.dba_tab_privs b
 where a.username = b.grantee
 order by 1;

查询用户名及相应的配置文件、默认的表空间和临时表空间

Select username, profile, default_tablespace, temporary_tablespace, created
  from sys.dba_users

 sql 监控