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  • 斐波那契数列(C++ 和 Python 实现)

    (说明:本博客中的题目题目详细说明参考代码均摘自 “何海涛《剑指Offer:名企面试官精讲典型编程题》2012年”)

    题目

    1. 写一个函数,输入 n, 求斐波那契(Fibonacci)数列的第 n 项。斐波那契数列的定义如下:

    2. 一只青蛙一次可以跳上 1 级台阶,也可以跳上 2 级。求该青蛙跳上一个n级的台阶总共有多少种跳法?

    3. 一只青蛙一次可以跳上 1 级台阶,也可以跳上 2 级,...... ,也可以跳上n级,此时该青蛙跳上一个 n 级的台阶共有多少种跳法?

    4. 用 2x1 (图 2.13 的左边)的小矩形横着或者竖着去覆盖更大的矩形。请问用 8 个 2x1 小矩形无重叠地覆盖一个 2x8 的大矩形(图 2.13 的右边),总共有多少种方法?

     

    题目解析

      本博客提及到 4 个题目:题目 1 直接给出斐波那契数列的定义,可采用多种算法实现,这些算法思想将在 “算法设计思想“ 部分介绍;题目 2 和题目 4 的本质上解决的还是斐波那契数列第 n 项的计算问题,即题目 1;题目 3 可以说是数学问题,只要意识到其计算的实质上是 2 的 n 次幂即可,剩下的工作采用程序就很容易实现了。

      下面具体说如何理解题目 2、题目 3 和 题目4:

    •   对于题目 2,青蛙每次只能跳上 1 级或 2 级台阶。假定青蛙需要跳上 n 级台阶,其可能的组合数为 g(n) 。青蛙第 1 次跳台阶有 2 种可能:跳上 1 级台阶,剩余 n-1 级台阶;跳上 2 级台阶,剩余 n-2 级台阶。所以 g(n) = g(n-1) + g(n-2),即青蛙跳上 n 级台阶的可能的组合数等于第 1 次跳上 1 级台阶的可能组合数加上第 1 次跳上 2 级台阶的可能组合数。也可理解为以何种方式跳上第 n 级台阶(跳上 1 级台阶,还是跳上 2 级台阶)。至此,就转化为求解斐波那契数列的第 n 项问题。
    •   对于题目 3,与题目 2 相比,区别在于青蛙每次可以跳上任意级台阶,不仅仅是 1 级或 2 级台阶。如果此时青蛙需要跳上 n 级台阶,可采取的跳法有 f(n) = 2n-1 种。可以采用数学归纳法证明,具体证明思路如下:

      当 n = 1或 n = 2 时, 显然成立;
      令 n = k 时, f(k) = 2k-1 成立,当 n = k+1 时,f(k+1) = f(k) + f(k-1) + f(k-2) + ... + f(1) + 1. 在增加 1 级台阶后,可以理解为,设青蛙在跳上最后一级台阶(新增加的台阶)时,所跳上的台阶数为 x,若 x = 1,则此时可采跳法是 f(k) 种跳法;若 x = 2,则此时可采取的跳法为 f(k-1); 如此下去,一直到 x = k-1 时,则此时可采取的跳法为 f(1);除此之外,还需要加上一种 x = k+1 可能,即只需一次直接跳上 k+1 级台阶。又因为

    •   对于题目 4,使用图 2.13 左图 (2x1的矩形,也可变换为1x2矩形,设为形状A) 填充图 2.13 的右图 (2x8的矩形,设为形状B(8),其中8为列数) 时,如果先放置一块,有两种放法,一种横着放,一种是竖着放。如果第一次横着放,则下一个也必须是横着放,此时问题变为使用形状 A 填充形状 B(6);如果第一次是竖着放,则问题变为使用形状 A 填充形状 B(7)。为了表示方便,则依旧用相同的符号 B 表示为用 A 填充 B 的方法数,则有 B(8) = B(6) + B(7),从递推公式可以看出,这是一个斐波那契数列的问题。

    算法设计思想

    1. 递归方法(Recursive Method)。循环调用自身。缺点:有大量的重复计算,不实用。优点:实现非常简单,代码短小。对于斐波那契数列的实现,其时间复杂度为 O(2n)。

    2. 迭代方法 (Iterative Method)。通过循环,替代递归方法,从理论上说,任何递归算法都可用迭代算法实现。优点:节省栈空间,有可能降低时间复杂度。缺点是相对于递归方法,实现较难,代码往往会复杂一些。对斐波那契数列,其时间复杂度为 O(n),是比较实用的算法。

    3. 公式法。通过不常用的计算斐波那契数列的第 n 项的数学公式,如果采用合适的实现方式,可将时间复杂度降为 O(logn),具体数学公式和相关说明如下(摘自参考资料):

                   

    C++ 实现

    #include <iostream>
    
    // Method 1: recursive method and its time complexity is O(2^n).
    int fibonacciRecursively(int n)
    {
        int result;
    
        if (n <= 0)
            result = 0;
        else if (1 == n)
            result = 1;
        else
            result = fibonacciRecursively(n-1) + fibonacciRecursively(n-2);
    
        return result;
    }
    
    // Method 2: iterative method and its time complexity is O(n).
    int fibonacciIteratively(int n)
    {
        int result = 0;
        int nextItem = 1;
    
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
        {
            int tmp = nextItem;
            nextItem += result;
            result = tmp;
        }
    
        return result;
    }
    
    // Method 3: by means of the specified matrix power
    long int* matrixPower(long int *mat, int n);  // compute the power of the matrix
    
    int fibonacciMatrixPower(int n)
    {
        long int matrix[] = {1, 1, 1, 0};
        int result = 0;
        if (n <= 0)
            result = 0;
        else
        {
            matrixPower(matrix, n-1);
            result = matrix[0];
        }
    
        return result;
    }
    
    // 2 x 2 matrix power, n >= 0
    long int* matrixPower(long int *mat, int n)
    {
        const int rows = 2;
        const int cols = 2;
    
        if (n <= 0)
            return NULL;
        else if (0 == n)
        {
            // identity matrix when the power of a matrix is 0.
            for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i)
                for (int j = 0; i < cols; ++j)
            {
                if (i == j)
                    *(mat + i * cols + j) = 1;
                else
                    *(mat + i * cols + j) = 0;
            }
        }
        else if (1 == n)
        {
        }
        else if (2 == n)
        {
            // Create two temporary arrays for matrix multiplication
            long int tmpMat1[4], tmpMat2[4];
            for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i)
                for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j)
            {
                tmpMat1[i*cols+j] = *(mat + i * cols + j);
                tmpMat2[i*cols+j] = *(mat + i * cols + j);
            }
            // matrix multiplication
            *(mat + 0 * cols + 0) = tmpMat1[0*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+0] + tmpMat1[0*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+0]; // matrix{0,0}
            *(mat + 0 * cols + 1) = tmpMat1[0*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+1] + tmpMat1[0*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+1]; // matrix{0,1}
            *(mat + 1 * cols + 0) = tmpMat1[1*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+0] + tmpMat1[1*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+0]; // matrix{1,0}
            *(mat + 1 * cols + 1) = tmpMat1[1*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+1] + tmpMat1[1*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+1]; // matrix{1,1}
        }
        else if (n % 2 == 0)  // when n is even and n is greater than 2
        {
            matrixPower(mat, n/2);
            matrixPower(mat, 2);
        }
        else  // n is odd and n is greater than 2
        {
            long int tmpMat1[4];
            for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
                tmpMat1[k] = *(mat + k);
            // Compute matrix power in even case
            matrixPower(mat, n-1);
            // Temporarily save the matrix
            long int tmpMat2[4];
            for (int k = 0; k < 4; ++k)
                tmpMat2[k] = *(mat + k);
            // matrix multiplication with additional element.
            *(mat + 0 * cols + 0) = tmpMat1[0*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+0] + tmpMat1[0*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+0];
            *(mat + 0 * cols + 1) = tmpMat1[0*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+1] + tmpMat1[0*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+1];
            *(mat + 1 * cols + 0) = tmpMat1[1*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+0] + tmpMat1[1*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+0];
            *(mat + 1 * cols + 1) = tmpMat1[1*cols+0] * tmpMat2[0*cols+1] + tmpMat1[1*cols+1] * tmpMat2[1*cols+1];
        }
    
        return mat;
    }
    
    void unitest()
    {
        int n = 5;
        std::cout << "The " << n << "-th item in the fibonacci sequence: 
    "
                  << "  Recursive method result: " << fibonacciRecursively(n) << std::endl
                  << "  Iterative method result: " << fibonacciIteratively(n) << std::endl
                  << "  Matrix power method result: " << fibonacciMatrixPower(n) << std::endl
                  ;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        unitest();
    
        return 0;
    }

    Python 实现

    #!/usr/bin/python
    # -*- coding: utf8 -*-
    
    # Method 1: recursive method
    def fib_recursively(n):
        result = 0
    
        if n >= 1:
            if 1 == n:
                result = 1
            else:
                result = fib_recursively(n-1) + fib_recursively(n-2)
    
        return result
    
    
    # Method 2: iterative method
    def fib_iteratively(n):
        result, next_item = 0, 1
        i = 1
        while i <= n:
            result, next_item = next_item, result + next_item
            i += 1
    
        return result
    
    
    # Method 3: matrix power
    def fib_matrix_power(n):
        matrix = [1, 1, 1, 0]
        result = 0
        if n > 0:
            matrix_power(matrix, n-1)
            result = matrix[0]
    
        return result
            
    
    # 2 x 2 matrix power
    def matrix_power(mat, n):
        rows, cols = 2, 2  # 2 x 2 matrix
    
        if n <= 0:
            return None
        elif 0 == n:
            mat[:] = [1, 0, 0, 1]  # identity matrix
        elif 1 == n:
            pass
        elif 2 == n:
            tmp_mat1, tmp_mat2 = [], []
            tmp_mat1.extend(mat)
            tmp_mat2.extend(mat)
            # matrix multiplication
            for i in range(rows):
                for j in range(cols):
                    mat[i*cols+j] = inner_product(tmp_mat1[i::cols], tmp_mat2[j::cols])
        elif n % 2 == 0:  # even case
            matrix_power(mat, n/2)
            matrix_power(mat, 2)
        else:
            # temporarily save mat 
            tmp_mat1 = []
            tmp_mat1.extend(mat)
            # recursive call
            matrix_power(mat, n-1)
            # multiply with former temporary value
            tmp_mat2 = []
            tmp_mat2.extend(mat)
            for i in range(rows):
                for j in range(cols):
                    mat[i*cols+j] = inner_product(tmp_mat1[i::cols], tmp_mat2[j::cols])
    
        return mat
    
    
    def inner_product(vec1, vec2):
        product = 0
        if (vec1 and vec2 and len(vec1) == len(vec2)):
            for i in range(len(vec1)):
                product += vec1[i] * vec2[i]
        return product
        
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        n = 5
        print("The %d-th item in the fibonacci sequence:" % n)
        print("  Recursive method result: %d" % fib_recursively(n))
        print("  Iterative method result: %d" % fib_iteratively(n))
        print("  Matrix power method result: %d" % fib_matrix_power(n))

    参考代码

    1. targetver.h

    #pragma once
    
    // The following macros define the minimum required platform.  The minimum required platform
    // is the earliest version of Windows, Internet Explorer etc. that has the necessary features to run 
    // your application.  The macros work by enabling all features available on platform versions up to and 
    // including the version specified.
    
    // Modify the following defines if you have to target a platform prior to the ones specified below.
    // Refer to MSDN for the latest info on corresponding values for different platforms.
    #ifndef _WIN32_WINNT            // Specifies that the minimum required platform is Windows Vista.
    #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0600     // Change this to the appropriate value to target other versions of Windows.
    #endif

    2. stdafx.h

    // stdafx.h : include file for standard system include files,
    // or project specific include files that are used frequently, but
    // are changed infrequently
    //
    
    #pragma once
    
    #include "targetver.h"
    
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <tchar.h>
    
    
    
    // TODO: reference additional headers your program requires here

    3. stdafx.cpp

    // stdafx.cpp : source file that includes just the standard includes
    // Fibonacci.pch will be the pre-compiled header
    // stdafx.obj will contain the pre-compiled type information
    
    #include "stdafx.h"
    
    // TODO: reference any additional headers you need in STDAFX.H
    // and not in this file

    4. Fibonacci.cpp

    // Fibonacci.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
    //
    
    // 《剑指Offer——名企面试官精讲典型编程题》代码
    // 著作权所有者:何海涛
    
    #include "stdafx.h"
    
    // ====================方法1:递归====================
    long long Fibonacci_Solution1(unsigned int n)
    {
        if(n <= 0)
            return 0;
    
        if(n == 1)
            return 1;
    
        return Fibonacci_Solution1(n - 1) + Fibonacci_Solution1(n - 2);
    }
    
    // ====================方法2:循环====================
    long long Fibonacci_Solution2(unsigned n)
    {
        int result[2] = {0, 1};
        if(n < 2)
            return result[n];
    
        long long  fibNMinusOne = 1;
        long long  fibNMinusTwo = 0;
        long long  fibN = 0;
        for(unsigned int i = 2; i <= n; ++ i)
        {
            fibN = fibNMinusOne + fibNMinusTwo;
    
            fibNMinusTwo = fibNMinusOne;
            fibNMinusOne = fibN;
        }
    
         return fibN;
    }
    
    // ====================方法3:基于矩阵乘法====================
    #include <cassert>
    
    struct Matrix2By2
    {
        Matrix2By2
        (
            long long m00 = 0, 
            long long m01 = 0, 
            long long m10 = 0, 
            long long m11 = 0
        )
        :m_00(m00), m_01(m01), m_10(m10), m_11(m11) 
        {
        }
    
        long long m_00;
        long long m_01;
        long long m_10;
        long long m_11;
    };
    
    Matrix2By2 MatrixMultiply
    (
        const Matrix2By2& matrix1, 
        const Matrix2By2& matrix2
    )
    {
        return Matrix2By2(
            matrix1.m_00 * matrix2.m_00 + matrix1.m_01 * matrix2.m_10,
            matrix1.m_00 * matrix2.m_01 + matrix1.m_01 * matrix2.m_11,
            matrix1.m_10 * matrix2.m_00 + matrix1.m_11 * matrix2.m_10,
            matrix1.m_10 * matrix2.m_01 + matrix1.m_11 * matrix2.m_11);
    }
    
    Matrix2By2 MatrixPower(unsigned int n)
    {
        assert(n > 0);
    
        Matrix2By2 matrix;
        if(n == 1)
        {
            matrix = Matrix2By2(1, 1, 1, 0);
        }
        else if(n % 2 == 0)
        {
            matrix = MatrixPower(n / 2);
            matrix = MatrixMultiply(matrix, matrix);
        }
        else if(n % 2 == 1)
        {
            matrix = MatrixPower((n - 1) / 2);
            matrix = MatrixMultiply(matrix, matrix);
            matrix = MatrixMultiply(matrix, Matrix2By2(1, 1, 1, 0));
        }
    
        return matrix;
    }
    
    long long Fibonacci_Solution3(unsigned int n)
    {
        int result[2] = {0, 1};
        if(n < 2)
            return result[n];
    
        Matrix2By2 PowerNMinus2 = MatrixPower(n - 1);
        return PowerNMinus2.m_00;
    }
    
    // ====================测试代码====================
    void Test(int n, int expected)
    {
        if(Fibonacci_Solution1(n) == expected)
            printf("Test for %d in solution1 passed.
    ", n);
        else
            printf("Test for %d in solution1 failed.
    ", n);
    
        if(Fibonacci_Solution2(n) == expected)
            printf("Test for %d in solution2 passed.
    ", n);
        else
            printf("Test for %d in solution2 failed.
    ", n);
    
        if(Fibonacci_Solution3(n) == expected)
            printf("Test for %d in solution3 passed.
    ", n);
        else
            printf("Test for %d in solution3 failed.
    ", n);
    }
    
    int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
    {
        Test(0, 0);
        Test(1, 1);
        Test(2, 1);
        Test(3, 2);
        Test(4, 3);
        Test(5, 5);
        Test(6, 8);
        Test(7, 13);
        Test(8, 21);
        Test(9, 34);
        Test(10, 55);
    
        Test(40, 102334155);
    
        return 0;
    }

    5. 参考代码下载

    项目 09_Fibonacci 下载: 百度网盘

    何海涛《剑指Offer:名企面试官精讲典型编程题》 所有参考代码下载:百度网盘

    参考资料

    [1]  何海涛. 剑指 Offer:名企面试官精讲典型编程题 [M]. 北京:电子工业出版社,2012. 71-77.

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/klchang/p/7857477.html
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