Oracle DG 理论及实验笔记
DATAGUARD 是通过建立一个 PRIMARY 和 STANDBY 组来确立其参照关系。
STANDBY 一旦创建， DATAGUARD 就会通过将主数据库 (PRIMARY) 的 REDO 传递给 STANDBY 数据库，然后在 STANDBY 中应用 REDO 实现数据库的同步。
有两种类型的 STANDBY ：物理 STANDBY 和逻辑 STANDBY 。
物理 STANDBY 提供与主数据库完全一样的拷贝（块到块），数据库 SCHEMA ，包括索引都是一样的。它是直接应用 REDO 实现同步的。逻辑 STANDBY 则不是这样，在逻辑 STANDBY 中，逻辑信息是相同的，但物理组织和数据结构可以不同，它和主库保持同步的方法是将接收的 REDO 转换成 SQL 语句，然后在 STANDBY 上执行 SQL 语句。逻辑 STANDBY 除灾难恢复外还有其它用途，比如用于用户进行查询和报表。
安装环境：
在主库 --primary 上搭建数据库软件，建立监听，采用 dbca 搭建实例；
在备库 --standby 上搭建数据库软件，建立监听，但是不需要建立实例。
在 linux 上搭建 oracle 数据库，过程略。
步骤概述：
1.主库开启归档并设置快速恢复区；
2.主库创建归档同步目录；
3.主库添加 STANDBY 日志文件；
4.主备皆配置网络 --- 监听配置文件；
5.将主库的密码文件传输到备库；
6.修改主库的参数文件传输到备库，需修改部分信息；
7.以动态参数文件的形式启动备库数据库；
8.主库登录 RMAN ，【 duplicate 】复制数据库；
1.主备库配置
1.1创建归档同步目录
[oracle@test1 ~]$ mkdir -p /home/oracle/flash [oracle@test2 ~]$ mkdir -p /home/oracle/flash
1.2开启归档并设置快速恢复区
alter system set db_recovery_file_dest='/home/oracle/flash'; alter system set db_recovery_file_dest_size=4G; alter database archivelog;
1.3主库添加 STANDBY 日志文件
alter database add standby logfile group 4 '/home/oracle/s1.log' size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 5 '/home/oracle/s2.log' size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 6 '/home/oracle/s3.log' size 50M; alter database add standby logfile group 7 '/home/oracle/s4.log' size 50M;
1.4主备库修改监听配置文件
[oracle@test1 ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
[oracle@test1 admin]$ cat listener.ora # listener.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora # Generated by Oracle configuration tools. LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = test1.us.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521)) (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521)) ) ) ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /u01/app/oracle SID_LIST_LISTENER= (SID_LIST= (SID_DESC= (GLOBAL_DBNAME=PROD1) (ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1) (SID_NAME=PROD1)) )
[oracle@test1 admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora # tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora # Generated by Oracle configuration tools. PROD1 = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = test1.us.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = PROD1) ) ) PROD1_S = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = test2.us.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = PROD1) ) )
启动监听，并测试服务名网络的通畅。两台主机均需测试两个服务名（此省略主库的测试）：
[oracle@test1 admin]$ lsnrctl start [oracle@test2 admin]$ lsnrctl start [oracle@test2 admin]$ tnsping prod1 TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 25-FEB-2019 11:46:06 Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = test1.us.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = PROD1))) OK (0 msec) [oracle@test2 admin]$ tnsping prod1_s TNS Ping Utility for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on 25-FEB-2019 11:47:04 Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Used parameter files: Used TNSNAMES adapter to resolve the alias Attempting to contact (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = test2.us.oracle.com)(PORT = 1521))) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = PROD1))) OK (0 msec)
1.5传输密码文件
[oracle@test1 dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs [oracle@test1 dbs]$ ls hc_PROD1.dat init.ora lkPROD1 orapwPROD1 spfilePROD1.ora [oracle@test1 dbs]$ scp orapwPROD1 test2:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs oracle@test2's password: orapwPROD1 100% 1536 1.5KB/s 00:00
1.6修改参数文件配置
[oracle@test1 dbs]$ ls hc_PROD1.dat init.ora initPROD1.ora lkPROD1 orapwPROD1 spfilePROD1.ora [oracle@test1 dbs]$ cat initPROD1.ora PROD1.__db_cache_size=260046848 PROD1.__java_pool_size=4194304 PROD1.__large_pool_size=8388608 PROD1.__oracle_base='/u01/app/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment PROD1.__pga_aggregate_target=398458880 PROD1.__sga_target=390070272 PROD1.__shared_io_pool_size=0 PROD1.__shared_pool_size=104857600 PROD1.__streams_pool_size=0 *.audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/PROD1/adump' *.audit_trail='db' *.compatible='11.2.0.4.0' *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/PROD1/control02.ctl' *.db_block_size=8192 *.db_domain='' *.db_name='PROD1' *.db_recovery_file_dest='/home/oracle/flash' *.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4294967296 *.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle' *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=PROD1XDB)' *.memory_target=786432000 *.open_cursors=300 *.processes=150 *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE' *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1' DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD1 LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(PROD1,LEILEI)' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD1' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= 'SERVICE=PROD1_S ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=LEILEI' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=30 FAL_SERVER=PROD1 STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
传输静态参数文件到备库：
[oracle@test1 dbs]$ scp initPROD1.ora test2:/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs oracle@test2's password: initPROD1.ora 100% 1399 1.4KB/s 00:00
在备库上修改静态参数文件：
[oracle@test2 dbs]$ cat initPROD1.ora *.control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/PROD1/control02.ctl' *.db_block_size=8192 *.db_domain='' *.db_name='PROD1' *.db_recovery_file_dest='/home/oracle/flash' *.db_recovery_file_dest_size=4294967296 *.diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle' *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=PROD1XDB)' *.memory_target=786432000 *.open_cursors=300 *.processes=150 *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE' *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1' DB_UNIQUE_NAME=LEILEI LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(LEILEI,PROD1)' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1= 'LOCATION=/home/oracle/flash VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=LEILEI' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2= 'SERVICE=PROD1 ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=PROD1' LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE=EXCLUSIVE LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT=%t_%s_%r.arc LOG_ARCHIVE_MAX_PROCESSES=30 FAL_SERVER=PROD1 STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
1.7在备库上，创建静态参数文件中对应的目录文件夹
[oracle@test2 dbs]$ mkdir -p /home/oracle/flash mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/admin/PROD1/adump mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1 mkdir -p /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/PROD1
1.8启动备库到【 nomount 】阶段
[oracle@test2 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=PROD1 [oracle@test2 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Feb 25 13:59:23 2019 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to an idle instance. SYS@PROD1 >startup nomount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1219260416 bytes Fixed Size 2252744 bytes Variable Size 788529208 bytes Database Buffers 419430400 bytes Redo Buffers 9048064 bytes
1.9主库登录 RMAN ，复制数据库
[oracle@test1 ~]$ rman target sys/oracle@prod1 auxiliary sys/oracle@prod1_s RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck;
1 [oracle@test1 ~]$ rman target sys/oracle@prod1 auxiliary sys/oracle@prod1_s 2 3 Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Mon Feb 25 13:43:23 2019 4 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 5 connected to target database: PROD1 (DBID=2222506242) 6 connected to auxiliary database: PROD1 (not mounted) 7 8 RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck; 9 10 Starting Duplicate Db at 2019-02-25 13:43:31 11 using target database control file instead of recovery catalog 12 allocated channel: ORA_AUX_DISK_1 13 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: SID=10 device type=DISK 14 contents of Memory Script: 15 { 16 backup as copy reuse 17 targetfile '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/orapwPROD1' auxiliary format 18 '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/dbs/orapwPROD1' ; 19 } 20 executing Memory Script 21 22 Starting backup at 2019-02-25 13:43:32 23 allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1 24 channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=17 device type=DISK 25 Finished backup at 2019-02-25 13:43:33 26 27 contents of Memory Script: 28 { 29 backup as copy current controlfile for standby auxiliary format '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/control01.ctl'; 30 restore clone controlfile to '/u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/PROD1/control02.ctl' from 31 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/control01.ctl'; 32 } 33 executing Memory Script 34 35 Starting backup at 2019-02-25 13:43:33 36 using channel ORA_DISK_1 37 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 38 copying standby control file 39 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/dbs/snapcf_PROD1.f tag=TAG20190225T134333 RECID=2 STAMP=1001166214 40 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03 41 Finished backup at 2019-02-25 13:43:36 42 43 Starting restore at 2019-02-25 13:43:36 44 using channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1 45 46 channel ORA_AUX_DISK_1: copied control file copy 47 Finished restore at 2019-02-25 13:43:37 48 49 contents of Memory Script: 50 { 51 sql clone 'alter database mount standby database'; 52 } 53 executing Memory Script 54 55 sql statement: alter database mount standby database 56 57 contents of Memory Script: 58 { 59 set newname for tempfile 1 to 60 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/temp01.dbf"; 61 switch clone tempfile all; 62 set newname for datafile 1 to 63 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/system01.dbf"; 64 set newname for datafile 2 to 65 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/sysaux01.dbf"; 66 set newname for datafile 3 to 67 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/undotbs01.dbf"; 68 set newname for datafile 4 to 69 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/users01.dbf"; 70 set newname for datafile 5 to 71 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/example01.dbf"; 72 backup as copy reuse 73 datafile 1 auxiliary format 74 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/system01.dbf" datafile 75 2 auxiliary format 76 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/sysaux01.dbf" datafile 77 3 auxiliary format 78 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/undotbs01.dbf" datafile 79 4 auxiliary format 80 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/users01.dbf" datafile 81 5 auxiliary format 82 "/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/example01.dbf" ; 83 sql 'alter system archive log current'; 84 } 85 executing Memory Script 86 87 executing command: SET NEWNAME 88 89 renamed tempfile 1 to /u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/temp01.dbf in control file 90 91 executing command: SET NEWNAME 92 93 executing command: SET NEWNAME 94 95 executing command: SET NEWNAME 96 97 executing command: SET NEWNAME 98 99 executing command: SET NEWNAME 100 101 Starting backup at 2019-02-25 13:43:43 102 using channel ORA_DISK_1 103 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 104 input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/system01.dbf 105 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/system01.dbf tag=TAG20190225T134343 106 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:45 107 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 108 input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/sysaux01.dbf 109 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/sysaux01.dbf tag=TAG20190225T134343 110 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:25 111 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 112 input datafile file number=00005 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/example01.dbf 113 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/example01.dbf tag=TAG20190225T134343 114 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15 115 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 116 input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/undotbs01.dbf 117 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/undotbs01.dbf tag=TAG20190225T134343 118 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:07 119 channel ORA_DISK_1: starting datafile copy 120 input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/users01.dbf 121 output file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/users01.dbf tag=TAG20190225T134343 122 channel ORA_DISK_1: datafile copy complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01 123 Finished backup at 2019-02-25 13:45:16 124 125 sql statement: alter system archive log current 126 127 contents of Memory Script: 128 { 129 switch clone datafile all; 130 } 131 executing Memory Script 132 133 datafile 1 switched to datafile copy 134 input datafile copy RECID=2 STAMP=1001167339 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/system01.dbf 135 datafile 2 switched to datafile copy 136 input datafile copy RECID=3 STAMP=1001167339 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/sysaux01.dbf 137 datafile 3 switched to datafile copy 138 input datafile copy RECID=4 STAMP=1001167339 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/undotbs01.dbf 139 datafile 4 switched to datafile copy 140 input datafile copy RECID=5 STAMP=1001167339 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/users01.dbf 141 datafile 5 switched to datafile copy 142 input datafile copy RECID=6 STAMP=1001167339 file name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/PROD1/example01.dbf
2.检查主备搭建情况
2.1主库
[oracle@test1 ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=PROD1 [oracle@test1 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Feb 25 13:46:56 2019 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- READ WRITE PRIMARY SESSIONS ACTIVE SYS@PROD1 >select * from v$log; GROUP# THREAD# SEQUENCE# BYTES BLOCKSIZE MEMBERS ARCHIV STATUS FIRST_CHANGE# FIRST_TIME NEXT_CHANGE# NEXT_TIME ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------ -------------------------------- ------------- ------------------- ------------ ------------------- 1 1 16 52428800 512 1 NO CURRENT 996478 2019-02-25 14:19:03 2.8147E+14 2 1 14 52428800 512 1 YES INACTIVE 996073 2019-02-25 14:12:33 996161 2019-02-25 14:13:55 3 1 15 52428800 512 1 YES ACTIVE 996161 2019-02-25 14:13:55 996478 2019-02-25 14:19:03
2.2备库
[oracle@test2 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Mon Feb 25 14:04:36 2019 Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- MOUNTED PHYSICAL STANDBY RECOVERY NEEDED
备库处于MOUNTED模式下，只能开启实时应用在线日志或者归档日志。
SYS@PROD1 >select PROCESS,STATUS,SEQUENCE# from v$managed_standby; PROCESS STATUS SEQUENCE# ------------------ ---------------------- ----------------- ARCH CLOSING 15 ARCH CONNECTED 0 ...... ARCH CONNECTED 0 ARCH CONNECTED 0 ARCH CONNECTED 0 RFS IDLE 0 RFS IDLE 0 RFS IDLE 16 33 rows selected. SYS@PROD1 >alter database open; Database altered. SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ------------- ----------------- ------------------- READ ONLY PHYSICAL STANDBY NOT ALLOWED
3.测试主备功能及切换应用
Ø 测试1
Test1： SYS@PROD1 >create table t1 (id number); Table created. Test2： SYS@PROD1 >desc t1 ERROR: ORA-04043: object t1 does not exist SYS@PROD1 >recover managed standby database disconnect; Media recovery complete. SYS@PROD1 >desc t1 ERROR: ORA-04043: object t1 does not exist Test1： SYS@PROD1 >alter system switch logfile; System altered. Test2： SYS@PROD1 >desc t1 Name Null? Type ---------------------------------------- ID NUMBER
Ø 测试 2------11G 新特性：ADG
Test2： SYS@PROD1 >recover managed standby database cancel; Media recovery complete. SYS@PROD1 >recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; Media recovery complete. Test1： SYS@PROD1 >create table t2 (id number); Table created. Test2： SYS@PROD1 >desc t2 Name Null? Type ----------------------------------- ID NUMBER
Ø 测试 3-------角色切换
以下为 Data Guard 最为重要的两个功能：参考博客
3.3.1
TEST1: SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- READ WRITE PRIMARY TO STANDBY SYS@PROD1 >alter database commit to switchover to physical standby; Database altered. SYS@PROD1 >conn / as sysdba; Connected to an idle instance. SYS@PROD1 >startup ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 1219260416 bytes Fixed Size 2252744 bytes Variable Size 788529208 bytes Database Buffers 419430400 bytes Redo Buffers 9048064 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- READ ONLY PHYSICAL STANDBY TO PRIMARY
3.3.2
TEST2: SYS@PROD1 >recover managed standby database cancel; Media recovery complete. SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- READ ONLY PHYSICAL STANDBY TO PRIMARY SYS@PROD1 >alter database commit to switchover to primary; Database altered. SYS@PROD1 >select open_mode,database_role,switchover_status from v$database; OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- MOUNTED PRIMARY NOT ALLOWED SYS@PROD1 >alter database open; Database altered. SYS@PROD1 >insert into t1 values (1); 1 row created. SYS@PROD1 >commit; Commit complete. SYS@PROD1 >select * from t1; ID ---------- 1 TEST1: SYS@PROD1 >select * from t1; no rows selected SYS@PROD1 >recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session; Media recovery complete. SYS@PROD1 >select * from t1; ID ---------- 1
至此，Oracle RAC架构搭建完成。
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