通常一辆汽车会包括超过80个ECUs。所有软件代码大小正在快速增加，将会超过1GB。软件protection是必不可少的。
1. 软件保护
1.1. 安全boot
Software violating the integrity cannot be loaded.
目标：Integrity and authenticity of the firmware and OS
解决方案：hash value, digital signatures, physical protection
Root of trust: HSM/SHE security anchor or OTP memory
1.2. 安全update
User signature, User certificate
算法：AES-128, RSA with >= 2048 bit key length, RSA-SSA from PKCS#1 v2.1, CV certificates
1.3. 安全diagnosis and unlock
Online, Offline
2. 安全通讯
V2V, V2D, V2I
"Connected Vehicles: Solutions and Challenges"
2.1 In-Vehicle
In-car network分为4个groups：
- LIN, K-Line, I2C
- CAN, VAN, PLC
- FlexRay, TTP, TTCAN
- MOST, D2B, GigaStar
Gateway with secure rules
Firewall
2.2. Vehicle to Device
2.3. Vehicle to Infrastructure
3. Passive Keyless Entry Systems
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