1、组合模式简介
1.1>、定义
组合模式主要用来处理一类具有“容器特征”的对象——即它们在充当对象的同时,又可以作为容器包含其他多个对象。
1.2>、使用频率
中高
2、组合模式结构图
2.1>、结构图
2.2>、参与者
组合模式参与者:
◊ Component
° 声明组合中对象的接口;
° 实现全部类中公共接口的默认行为;
° 声明访问和管理子类的接口;
° (可选择)定义接口提供在递归结构中访问父类。
◊ Leaf
° 表示在组合对象中叶子节点对象,没有子节点;
° 定义组合对象中的初始行为。
◊ Composite
° 定义Component子类的行为;
° 保存Component子类;
° 实现Component接口的子类关联操作。
◊ Client
° 通过Component接口组合多个对象。
3、组合模式结构实现
Component.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Structural { public abstract class Component { protected string _name; public Component(string name) { this._name = name; } public abstract void Add(Component c); public abstract void Remove(Component c); public abstract void Display(int depth); } }
Leaf.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Structural { public class Leaf : Component { public Leaf(string name) : base(name) { } public override void Add(Component c) { Console.WriteLine("Cannot add to a leaf"); } public override void Remove(Component c) { Console.WriteLine("Cannot remove from a leaf"); } public override void Display(int depth) { Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + _name); } } }
Composite.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Structural { public class Composite : Component { private List<Component> _children = new List<Component>(); public Composite(string name) : base(name) { } public override void Add(Component component) { _children.Add(component); } public override void Remove(Component component) { _children.Remove(component); } public override void Display(int depth) { Console.WriteLine(new String('-', depth) + _name); foreach (Component component in _children) { component.Display(depth + 2); } } } }
Client.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Structural { public class Client { static void Main(string[] args) { // Create a tree structure Composite root = new Composite("root"); root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf A")); root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf B")); Composite comp = new Composite("Composite X"); comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XA")); comp.Add(new Leaf("Leaf XB")); root.Add(comp); root.Add(new Leaf("Leaf C")); // Add and remove a leaf Leaf leaf = new Leaf("Leaf D"); root.Add(leaf); root.Remove(leaf); // Recursively display tree root.Display(1); } } }
运行结果:
-root ---Leaf A ---Leaf B ---Composite X -----Leaf XA -----Leaf XB ---Leaf C 请按任意键继续. . .
4、组合模式实践应用
Shape.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { public abstract class Shape { protected string _name; public Shape(string name) { this._name = name; } /// <summary> /// 面积 /// </summary> /// <returns></returns> public abstract double Area(); /// <summary> /// 显示 /// </summary> public abstract void Display(); } }
Circle.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { /// <summary> /// 圆形 /// </summary> public class Circle : Shape { private double _radius; public Circle(string name, double radius) : base(name) { this._radius = radius; } public override double Area() { return Math.Round(Math.PI * _radius * _radius, 2); } public override void Display() { Console.WriteLine("{0} 半径:{1},面积:{2}", _name, _radius, this.Area()); } } }
Rectangle.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { /// <summary> /// 矩形 /// </summary> public class Rectangle : Shape { private double _width; private double _height; public Rectangle(string name, double width, double height) : base(name) { this._width = width; this._height = height; } public override double Area() { return _width * _height; } public override void Display() { Console.WriteLine("{0} 长:{1},宽:{2},面积:{3}", _name, _width, _height, this.Area()); } } }
Triangle.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { /// <summary> /// 三角形 /// </summary> public class Triangle : Shape { private double _a; private double _b; private double _c; /// <summary> /// 三角形构造函数 /// 参数:三角形名称和三条边长 /// </summary> /// <param name="name">三角形名称</param> /// <param name="a">第一条边长</param> /// <param name="b">第二条边长</param> /// <param name="c">第三条边长</param> public Triangle(string name, double a, double b, double c) : base(name) { _a = a; _b = b; _c = c; } public override double Area() { double p = (_a + _b + _c) / 2; return Math.Sqrt(p * (p - _a) * (p - _b) * (p - _c)); } public override void Display() { Console.WriteLine("{0} 三条边长:{1},{2},{3},面积:{3}", _name, _a, _b, _c, this.Area()); } } }
Graphics.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { public class Graphics : Shape { private List<Shape> _children = new List<Shape>(); public Graphics(string name) : base(name) { } public override double Area() { double sum = 0; foreach (Shape child in _children) { sum += child.Area(); } return sum; } public override void Display() { foreach (Shape child in _children) { child.Display(); } Console.WriteLine("{0} 总面积:{1}", _name, this.Area()); } public void Add(Shape child) { _children.Add(child); } public void Remove(Shape child) { _children.Remove(child); } } }
Client.cs:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace DesignPatterns.CompositePattern.Practical { public class Client { static void Main(string[] args) { Graphics graphics = new Graphics("全部图形"); Circle circle = new Circle("圆形", 5); graphics.Add(circle); Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle("矩形", 4, 5); graphics.Add(rectangle); Triangle triangle = new Triangle("三角形", 3, 4, 5); graphics.Add(triangle); graphics.Display(); } } }
运行结果:
圆形 半径:5,面积:78.54 矩形 长:4,宽:5,面积:20 三角形 三条边长:3,4,5,面积:5 全部图形 总面积:104.54 请按任意键继续. . .
5、组合模式应用分析
组合模式可以适用以下情形:
◊ 希望把对象表示成部分—整体层次结构;
◊ 希望用户忽略组合对象与单个对象的不同,用户将统一地使用组合结构中所有对象。
组合模式具有以下特点:
◊ 定义了包含基本对象和组合对象的类层次结构。基本对象可以被组合成更复杂的组合对象,而这个组合对象又可以被组合,不断的递归下去。客户代码中,任何用到基本对象的地方都可以使用组合对象;
◊ 简化客户代码。客户可以一致地使用组合结构和单个对象。这样用户就不必关心处理的是一个叶子节点还是一个组合组件,从而简化了客户代码;
◊ 使得新增类型的组件更加容易。新定义的Composite或Leaf子类自动地与已有的结构和客户代码一起协同工作,客户程序不需因新的Component类而改变。
6、参考资料