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  • SQLAlchemy

    安装介绍

    - SQLAlchemy 是Python的一款Orm框架

    创建

     
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
    
    #创建基类,相当于Django中的 models.Model,被各个数据表类所继承
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    # ##################### 单表示例 #########################
    # 创建一张数据表
    class Users(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'users'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    
        __table_args__ = (
            # UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
            # Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
        )
    
    # 创建另一张数据表
    class School(Base):
        __tablename__ = "school"
    
        id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String,unique=True)
    
    
    # 创建数据库链接
    engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@localhost:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
    
    # 通过Base.metadata找到所有继承 Base 的数据表class
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    # SQLAlchemy数据表进行修改后,无法直接进行更新,只能删除表后进行操作,重新进行操作
    
     

    增删改查相关操作

     
    from CreateDB import Users, School
    
    # 1. 创建一个用户添加到数据库
    # 创建连接
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@127.0.0.1:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
                           )
    
    # 创建数据表操作对象 sessionmaker
    DB_session = sessionmaker(engine)
    db_session = DB_session()
    
    # 1.增加 操作数据表
    # 单行操作
    # obj1 = Users(name="123") # 通过 Users数据表类创建一条数据
    # db_session.add(obj1) # 将创建好的数据添加到 数据表操作对象的内存中,此时数据库还并不知道要添加数据
    # db_session.commit() # 将数据表操作对象内存中的所有数据及操作提交到数据库中
    # 多行操作
    # db_session.add_all([
    #     Users(name="zhangsan"),
    #     Users(name="lisi"),
    # ])
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 2.查询 数据表操作
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).all() # 查询所有数据
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id >=2 ) # 查询带有条件的数据 表达式 返回sql语句,循环依然可以获取到数据
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id >=2 ).all() # 查询带有条件的数据 表达式 返回数据列表
    # print(user_list)
    # for row in user_list:
    #     print(row.id,row.name)
    
    # 3.删除数据 数据表操作
    # db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 1).delete() # 删除带有条件的数据
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 4.修改
    # db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id == 3).update({"name":"alexDSB"}) # 更新id=3的数据
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 关闭连接
    db_session.close()
    
     

    高级版查询操作

     
    from CreateDB import Users, School
    
    # 1. 创建一个用户添加到数据库
    # 创建连接
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@127.0.0.1:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
                           )
    
    # 创建数据表操作对象 sessionmaker
    DB_session = sessionmaker(engine)
    db_session = DB_session()
    
    # 查询数据表操作
    """
    r1 = session.query(Users).all()
    r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
    r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
    r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
    r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
    r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
    r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
    """
    # 筛选查询列
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users.name).all()
    # print(user_list) # [('alexDSB',), ('zhangsan',)] 虽然看到的是元祖,但是依然可以通过对象打点儿调用属性
    # for row in user_list:
    #     print(row.name)
    
    # 别名映射  name as nick
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users.name.label("nick")).all()
    # print(user_list) # [('alexDSB',), ('zhangsan',)] 虽然看到的是元祖,但是依然可以通过对象打点儿调用属性
    # for row in user_list:
    #     print(row.nick) # 这里要写别名了
    
    # 筛选条件格式
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alexDSB").all()
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alexDSB").first()
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter_by(name="alexDSB").first()
    # for row in user_list:
    #     print(row.nick)
    
    # 复杂查询
    # from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=3,name="alexDSB")
    
    # 查询语句
    # from sqlalchemy.sql import text
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).filter(text("select * from users id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=3,name="alexDSB")
    
    # 排序 :
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).order_by(Users.id).all()
    # user_list = db_session.query(Users).order_by(Users.id.desc()).all()
    # for row in user_list:
    #     print(row.name,row.id)
    
    #其他查询条件
    """
    ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all() # between 大于1小于3的
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # in_([1,3,4]) 只查询id等于1,3,4的
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() # ~xxxx.in_([1,3,4]) 查询不等于1,3,4的
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all() 子查询
    from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
    ret = session.query(Users).filter(
        or_(
            Users.id < 2,
            and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),
            Users.extra != ""
        )).all()
    # select * from users where id<2 or (name="eric" and id>3) or extra != "" 
    """
    
    # 关闭连接
    db_session.close()
     

    高级版更新操作

     
    """
    db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "099"})
    db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
    db_session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
    db_session.commit()
    """
     

    扩展内容

    - 一对多:

    - 创建表:

     
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    
    #创建基类,相当于Django中的 models.Model,被各个数据表类所继承
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    
    # ##################### 多表示例 #########################
    # 创建一张数据表
    class Author(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'author'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    
    
    #  创建另一张数据表
    class Book(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'book'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    
        author_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("author.id"))
    
        # relationshi 不会单独生成字段 ,只用于增加查询操作
        user = relationship("Author",backref="author2book") # backref 反向查找的名字
    
    
    
    
    # 创建数据库链接
    engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@localhost:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
    # 通过Base.metadata找到所有继承 Base 的数据表class
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
     

    - 增删改查:

     
    from SQLAlchemy_ready.ss2_ForeignKey_relationship import Author, Book
    
    # 1. 创建一个用户添加到数据库
    # 创建连接
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@127.0.0.1:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
                           )
    
    # 创建数据表操作对象 sessionmaker
    DB_session = sessionmaker(engine)
    db_session = DB_session()
    
    # 1.增加 操作数据表
    # 添加两个作者:
    # db_session.add_all([
    #     Author(name="alex"),
    #     Author(name="yinwangba")
    # ])
    # db_session.commit()
    # 添加一本书 jinpingmei 作者是 yinwangba
    # author = db_session.query(Author).filter(Author.name == "yinwangba").first()
    # db_session.add(Book(name="jinpingmei",author_id=author.id))
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 2.查询所有数据,并显示作者名称,连表查询
    # book_list = db_session.query(Book).all()
    # for row in book_list:
    #     print(row.name,row.author_id)
    
    # book_list = db_session.query(Book.name.label("bname"),Author.name.label ("aname")).join(Author,Book.author_id == Author.id,isouter=True).all()
    # print(book_list)
    # for row in book_list:
    #     print(row.aname,row.bname)
    
    # 查询之relationship 快速连表
    # 创建表的时候加入 relationship
    #普通版添加
    # obj = Author(name="yinwangba")
    # db_session.add(obj)
    # db_session.commit()
    # print(obj.id,obj.name)
    #
    # obj_book = Book(name="jinpingmei",author_id=obj.id)
    # db_session.add(obj_book)
    # db_session.commit()
    # obj = Author(name="yinwangba")
    
    # relationship版 添加
    # bobj = Book(name="jinpingmei",user=Author(name="yinwangba"))
    # db_session.add(bobj)
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 查询之relationship 快速连表
    # book_list = db_session.query(Book).all()
    # for row in book_list:
    #     print(row.name,row.user.name)
    
    # 查询作者的所有书籍
    # obj = db_session.query(Author).filter(Author.name=="yinwangba").first()
    # print(obj.author2book)
    
    # 反向字段添加
    # author_obj = Author(name="alex")
    # author_obj.author2book = [Book(name="儒林外史之银林大战"),Book(name="邻家小妹妹")]
    # db_session.add(author_obj)
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 关闭连接
    db_session.close()
    
    
     

    - 多对多 ManyToMany:

      - 创建表:

     
    import datetime
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    
    #创建基类,相当于Django中的 models.Model,被各个数据表类所继承
    Base = declarative_base()
    
    # 创建第三张表 Boys and Girls
    class Hotel(Base):
        __tablename__ = "hotel"
    
        id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True)
        boy_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("boys.id"))
        girl_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey("girls.id"))
    
    # 创建一张数据表
    class Boys(Base):
        __tablename__ = 'boys'
    
        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        name = Column(String(32), index=True)
    
        # 创建于酒店的关系
        girls = relationship("Girls",secondary="hotel",backref="boys")
    
    # 创建另一张数据表
    class Girls(Base):
        __tablename__ = "girls"
    
        id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True)
        name = Column(String(32),index  =True)
    
        # 创建于酒店的关系
        # boy = relationship("Boys",secondary="hotel",backref="toHotel")
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    # 创建数据库链接
    engine = create_engine(
            "mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@localhost:3306/dragon?charset=utf8",
            max_overflow=0,  # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
            pool_size=5,  # 连接池大小
            pool_timeout=30,  # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
            pool_recycle=-1  # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
        )
    
    # 通过Base.metadata找到所有继承 Base 的数据表class
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
    
    
    # SQLAlchemy数据表进行修改后,无法直接进行更新,只能删除表后进行操作,重新进行操作,
    # 但Flask-SQLAlchemy + Flask-migrate + Flask-script 就可以实现 Django 的数据迁移 MakeMigration migrate
    
    #
    
    多对多关系建立
     

    - 操作:

     
    from SQLAlchemy_ready.ss4_M2M import Girls, Boys,Hotel
    
    # 1. 创建一个用户添加到数据库
    # 创建连接
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
    engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:DragonFire@127.0.0.1:3306/dragon?charset=utf8")
    
    
    # 创建数据表操作对象 sessionmaker
    DB_session = sessionmaker(engine)
    db_session = DB_session()
    
    # 1.增加 操作数据表
    # boy = Boys(name="jinwangba")
    # boy.girls = [Girls(name="fengjie"),Girls(name="juaner")]
    # db_session.add(boy)
    # db_session.commit()
    
    # 2.查询
    # 使用relationship正向查询
    # boy = db_session.query(Boys).first()
    # print(boy.name,boy.girls[0].name)
    
    # 使用relationship反向查询
    # girls = db_session.query(Girls).first()
    # print(girls.boys[0].name , girls.name)
    
    
    # 关闭连接
    db_session.close()
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lingcai/p/10684488.html
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