Django高级篇三。restful的解析器，认证组件，权限组件

一、rest=framework之解析器

1）解析器作用。

根据提交的数据。只解析某些特定的数据。非法数据不接收，为了系统安全问题

比如解析的数据格式有

有application/json，x-www-form-urlencoded，form-data等格式

默认支持的数据类型

'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'

2)解析器局部配置

定义路由：url(r'^books/', views.Book.as_view()),

视图函数配置

from rest_framework.parsers import JSONParser   # 只能解析json格式
class Book(APIView):
    parser_classes = [JSONParser, ]     # 如果加上这行只支持json格式，不加都支持
    def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        return HttpResponse('OK')
    def post(self,request):
        print(request.data)
        return HttpResponse('post') 

实例

说明不支持该格式

2）全局配置。在settings.py的最后加入配置，一般实际工作中，都使用json格式

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'  
        #'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        #'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ]}

视图函数，则不需要再添加了

3）全局配置+局部配置

解析器查询顺序，先从本地函数==》settings.py配置 ===》系统函数

即某函数需要用多个解析器，则单独配置，就不走全局配置了

 二、rest=framework之认证组件

1）用户登录测试

1.1）先创建用户表

# 认证的表
class User(models.Model):
    nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    name= models.CharField(max_length=32)
    pwd=models.CharField(max_length=32,null=True)

class UserToken(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(to=User,to_field='nid')
    token=models.CharField(max_length=64)

1.2）定义路由系统

url(r'^login/', views.Login.as_view()),

1.3）创建视图函数

# 认证组件
import hashlib,time
def get_token(username):
    md = hashlib.md5()
    md.update(username.encode('utf-8'))
    md.update(str(time.time()).encode('utf-8'))
    return md.hexdigest()

class Login(APIView):
    def post(self,requeset):
        response = MyResponse()
        name = requeset.data.get('name')
        pwd = requeset.data.get('pwd')
        user = models.User.objects.filter(name=name,pwd=pwd).first()
        if user:
            response.msg='登陆成功'
            # 需要生成一个随机字符串
            token=get_token(name)
            response.token=get_token(name)
            # 吧随机字符串保存到数据库
            #ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user_id=user.id,kwargs={'token':token})    # 都可以
            ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user,defaults={'token':token})
        else:
            response.msg='用户名或密码错误'
            response.status=101
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic)

1.4）登录测试

2）用户登录之后才能访问数据测试

2.1）查看定义的路由

url(r'^books/', views.Book.as_view()),
url(r'^login/', views.Login.as_view()),

2.2）查看自己定义的序列化组件

from rest_framework import serializers
from app01 import models

class BookSer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        exclude=['authors']
    name = serializers.CharField(error_messages={'required':'该字段必填'})

2.3）创建视图函数

# 认证组件
import hashlib,time
def get_token(username):
    md = hashlib.md5()
    md.update(username.encode('utf-8'))
    md.update(str(time.time()).encode('utf-8'))
    return md.hexdigest()

class Login(APIView):
    def post(self,requeset):
        response = MyResponse()
        name = requeset.data.get('name')
        pwd = requeset.data.get('pwd')
        user = models.User.objects.filter(name=name,pwd=pwd).first()
        if user:
            response.msg='登陆成功'
            # 需要生成一个随机字符串
            token=get_token(name)
            response.token=get_token(name)
            # 吧随机字符串保存到数据库
            #ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user_id=user.id,kwargs={'token':token})    # 都可以
            ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user,defaults={'token':token})
        else:
            response.msg='用户名或密码错误'
            response.status=101
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic)

from app01 import myserial
class Book(APIView):
    def get(self,request):
        # 必须登录才能反问数据库
        # token = request.GET.get('token')
        token = request.query_params.get('token')
        ret = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        response = MyResponse()
        if ret:
            books=models.Book.objects.all()
            ret = myserial.BookSer(instance=books,many=True)
            response.msg = '查询成功'
            response.data=ret.data
        else:
            response.msg = '没有登录'
            response.status=101
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic,safe=False)

2.4)登录测试

 3）抽取验证是否登录功能，测试（减少重复验证登录的代码冗余）

只修改了视图函数的方法

import hashlib,time
def get_token(username):
    md = hashlib.md5()
    md.update(username.encode('utf-8'))
    md.update(str(time.time()).encode('utf-8'))
    return md.hexdigest()

class Login(APIView):
    def post(self,requeset):
        response = MyResponse()
        name = requeset.data.get('name')
        pwd = requeset.data.get('pwd')
        user = models.User.objects.filter(name=name,pwd=pwd).first()
        if user:
            response.msg='登陆成功'
            token=get_token(name)
            response.token=get_token(name)
            ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user,defaults={'token':token})
        else:
            response.msg='用户名或密码错误'
            response.status=101
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic)

from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
class myAuthen():
    def authenticate(self,request):
        token=request.query_params.get('token')
        ret = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if ret:
            return ret.user,ret
        else:
            raise AuthenticationFailed('您没有登录')
    def authenticate_header(self,value):
        # 该函数一定要写
        pass

from app01 import myserial
class Book(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [myAuthen,]
    def get(self,request):
        response = MyResponse()
        books=models.Book.objects.all()
        ret = myserial.BookSer(instance=books,many=True)
        response.msg = '查询成功'
        response.data=ret.data
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic,safe=False)

 3.1）调试模式，打印输出登录的用户，即携带的token

from app01 import myserial
class Book(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [myAuthen,]
    def get(self,request):
        response = MyResponse()
        print(request.user.name)    # 打印用户
        print(request.auth.token)   # 携带的token
        books=models.Book.objects.all()
        ret = myserial.BookSer(instance=books,many=True)
        response.msg = '查询成功'
        response.data=ret.data
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic,safe=False)

 3.2）处理 该函数 authenticate_header 内容为pass 的问题。需要继承 BaseAuthentication 才可删除该无用函数

完善认证组件代码

import hashlib,time
def get_token(username):
    md = hashlib.md5()
    md.update(username.encode('utf-8'))
    md.update(str(time.time()).encode('utf-8'))
    return md.hexdigest()

class Login(APIView):
    def post(self,requeset):
        response = MyResponse()
        name = requeset.data.get('name')
        pwd = requeset.data.get('pwd')
        user = models.User.objects.filter(name=name,pwd=pwd).first()
        if user:
            response.msg='登陆成功'
            token=get_token(name)
            response.token=get_token(name)
            ret = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=user,defaults={'token':token})
        else:
            response.msg='用户名或密码错误'
            response.status=101
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic)

from rest_framework.exceptions import AuthenticationFailed
from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
class myAuthen(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self,request):
        token=request.query_params.get('token')
        ret = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if ret:
            return ret.user,ret
        else:
            raise AuthenticationFailed('您没有登录')

from app01 import myserial
class Book(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [myAuthen,]
    def get(self,request):
        response = MyResponse()
        print(request.user.name)    # 打印用户
        print(request.auth.token)   # 携带的token
        books=models.Book.objects.all()
        ret = myserial.BookSer(instance=books,many=True)
        response.msg = '查询成功'
        response.data=ret.data
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic,safe=False)

 3.3）认证组件总结

作用：校验是否登录
首先定义一个类，继承BaseAuthentication，写一个方法authenticate，在方法内部实现认证过程，
认证通过，返回None或者两个对象（user,auth），在视图类的request中可以取出来。这2个对象也可以是任意2个对象

from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
class myAuthen(BaseAuthentication):
    def authenticate(self,request):
        token=request.query_params.get('token')
        ret = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
        if ret:
            # return ret.user, ret
            # 要写多个认证类，这个的返回None
            # 最后一个认证类，返回这俩值       
            return ret.user,ret
        else:
            raise AuthenticationFailed('您没有登录')

局部使用：在视图类中（可以写多个）
    authentication_classes = [myAuthen,]
全局使用：在settings.py中写入
    注意:1、全局使用时，认证组件不可以放在视图函数内
         2、写了全局，局部就要删掉
         3、在登录函数中，也会走认证组件，而登录是不要认证的
            需要在登录中添加：authentication_classes = []
            class Login(APIView):
                authentication_classes = []
                def post(self,requeset):
                    ......

全局使用实例

REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES':[
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser'
        # 'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser'
        # 'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser'
    ],
    "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES":["app01.views.myAuthen",]
}

token不存数据库方式，请参照

原文链接：https://www.cnblogs.com/liuqingzheng/articles/9766397.html

 二、rest=framework之权限组件

作用：校验用户是否有权限访问
因为是在认证通过才执行的，所以可以取出user

创建类

class User(models.Model):
    nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    pwd=models.CharField(max_length=32,null=True)
    mychoice=((1,'普通用户'),(2,'超级用户'),(3,'宇宙用户'))
    usertyle=models.IntegerField(choices=mychoice,default=1)

2.1)定义权限组件

# 权限组件
class myPermission():
    message = '不是超超级用户，查看不了'
    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        print(request.user.usertype)
        if request.user.usertype !=3:
            return False
        else:
            return True

使用和认证组件的方法一样，只是要写在认证组件之后

from app01 import myserial
from app01.auth import myPermission
class Book(APIView):
    authentication_classes = [myAuthen,]
    permission_classes = [myPermission,]
    def get(self,request):
        response = MyResponse()
        # print(request.user.name)    # 打印用户
        # print(request.auth.token)   # 携带的token
        books=models.Book.objects.all()
        ret = myserial.BookSer(instance=books,many=True)
        response.msg = '查询成功'
        response.data=ret.data
        return JsonResponse(response.get_dic,safe=False)

 2.2）继承权限：from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission

from rest_framework.permissions import BasePermission
class myPermission(BasePermission):
    message = '不是超超级用户，查看不了'
    def has_permission(self,request,view):
        print(request.user.usertype)
        if request.user.usertype !=1:
            return False
        else:
            return True