Ubantu 基础

1,基础部分

1),配置网卡

1. 修改网卡配置注意事项
1).ubuntu从17.10开始，已放弃在/etc/network/interfaces里固定IP的配置，
即使配置也不会生效，而是改成netplan方式。
2).配置写在/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml或者类似名称的yaml文件里。
3).修改配置以后不用重启，执行 netplan apply 命令可以让配置直接生效。

2. 修改命令如下： "注意缩进格式"
root@lss:~# cat /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml 
# This is the network config written by 'subiquity'
network:
  ethernets:
    ens33:
      addresses: [10.0.0.230/24]
      gateway4: 10.0.0.254
      nameservers: 
        addresses: [223.5.5.5]
  version: 2

2).SSH配置

1). 默认Ubuntu不允许root远程登录，必须通过修改SSH配置文件才可以使用root
远程登录。
sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
PermitRootLogin yes

2). 修改后记得重启sshd进程
sudo systemctl restart sshd

3).root用户管理

1. 切换root账户
sudo su -

2. 修改root 密码
sudo passwd root

4).配置apt源(相当于yum 源)

1. ubuntu下的软件源可以在阿里源或者清华源上找到相应的配置方法: "找到相对应的版本"
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/

2. 配置命令:
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak      #先备份默认文件
sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list
# 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 预发布软件源，不建议启用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

更新缓存:
sudo apt update

2.Ubuntu软件包管理工具使用

1.apt-get和apt命令介绍

1.apt等同于Centos7的yum命令
2.apt-get是第一代的包管理工具，最稳定
3.apt是改进的包管理工具，比apt-get要先进，官方推荐使用apt来管理软件

2.Ubuntu和CentOS7包管理工具区别

3.ubantu系统安装nginx

1,直接apt 安装
sudo apt-get install nginx

配置文档路径:
1. 主配置文件: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
lss@lss:/var/www/html$ cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 
user www;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 768;
    # multi_accept on;
}

http {

    ##
    # Basic Settings
    ##

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    # server_tokens off;

    # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
    # server_name_in_redirect off;

    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    ##
    # SSL Settings
    ##

    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    ##
    # Logging Settings
    ##

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    ##
    # Gzip Settings
    ##

    gzip on;

    # gzip_vary on;
    # gzip_proxied any;
    # gzip_comp_level 6;
    # gzip_buffers 16 8k;
    # gzip_http_version 1.1;
    # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    ##
    # Virtual Host Configs
    ##

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;                           ### 注意###
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;                         ### 注意###
}


#mail {
#    # See sample authentication script at:
#    # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
# 
#    # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#    # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#    # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
# 
#    server {
#        listen     localhost:110;
#        protocol   pop3;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
# 
#    server {
#        listen     localhost:143;
#        protocol   imap;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
#}

2. include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
lss@lss:/var/www/html$ ll /etc/nginx/conf.d/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  8 15:22 ./
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan  8 15:23 ../

3. include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
lss@lss:/var/www/html$ ll /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan  8 14:56 ./
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jan  8 15:23 ../
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   34 Jan  8 14:56 default -> /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

lss@lss:/var/www/html$ sudo cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default 
##
# You should look at the following URL's in order to grasp a solid understanding
# of Nginx configuration files in order to fully unleash the power of Nginx.
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/
# https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/start/topics/tutorials/config_pitfalls/
# https://wiki.debian.org/Nginx/DirectoryStructure
#
# In most cases, administrators will remove this file from sites-enabled/ and
# leave it as reference inside of sites-available where it will continue to be
# updated by the nginx packaging team.
#
# This file will automatically load configuration files provided by other
# applications, such as Drupal or Wordpress. These applications will be made
# available underneath a path with that package name, such as /drupal8.
#
# Please see /usr/share/doc/nginx-doc/examples/ for more detailed examples.
##

# Default server configuration
#
server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    # SSL configuration
    #
    # listen 443 ssl default_server;
    # listen [::]:443 ssl default_server;
    #
    # Note: You should disable gzip for SSL traffic.
    # See: https://bugs.debian.org/773332
    #
    # Read up on ssl_ciphers to ensure a secure configuration.
    # See: https://bugs.debian.org/765782
    #
    # Self signed certs generated by the ssl-cert package
    # Don't use them in a production server!
    #
    # include snippets/snakeoil.conf;

    root /var/www/html;

    # Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
    index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;

    server_name _;

    location / {
        # First attempt to serve request as file, then
        # as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # pass PHP scripts to FastCGI server
    #
    #location ~ .php$ {
    #    include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
    #
    #    # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
    #    fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    #    # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
    #    fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /.ht {
    #    deny all;
    #}
}


# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
#    listen 80;
#    listen [::]:80;
#
#    server_name example.com;
#
#    root /var/www/example.com;                      #站点目录 
#    index index.html;
#
#    location / {
#        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
#    }
#}

2).配置nginx

1. conf.d:用户自己定义的conf配置文件
2. sites-available:系统默认设置的配置文件
3. sites-enabled:由sites-available 中的配置文件转换生成
4. nginx.conf:汇总以上三个配置文件的内容,同时配置我们所需要的参数

在部署需要的web服务时,我们可以拷贝sites-enabled中的default 文件到conf.d并用修改名字为**.conf然后进行配置
lss@lss:/var/www/html$ sudo cat /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default 
server {
    listen 80 default_server;             #监听端口
    listen [::]:80 default_server;            
    server_name  www.oldboy.com;                        #域名名称
    
    #以下为location 匹配规则
    location / {
        root /var/www/html;                   #站点目录
        index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;      #显示内容
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # 以下为PHP 配置
    #location ~ .php$ {
    #    include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
    #
    #    # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets):
    #    fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    #    # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets):
    #    fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
    #}

    # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
    # concurs with nginx's one
    #
    #location ~ /.ht {
    #    deny all;
    #}
}


# Virtual Host configuration for example.com
#
# You can move that to a different file under sites-available/ and symlink that
# to sites-enabled/ to enable it.
#
#server {
#    listen 80;
#    listen [::]:80;
#
#    server_name example.com;
#
#    root /var/www/example.com;
#    index index.html;
#
#    location / {
#        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
#    }
#}

3.)查看是否启动

root@lss:/var/www/html# sudo netstat -lntup |grep 80
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:80              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      68915/nginx: master 
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      802/systemd-resolve 
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6012          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      68008/sshd: root@pt 
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      68915/nginx: master 
tcp6       0      0 ::1:6012                :::*                    LISTEN      68008/sshd: root@pt 
udp        0      0 127.0.0.53:53           0.0.0.0:*                           802/systemd-resolve 

sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo systemctl start nginx
sudo systemctl reload nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx