之前做过STM32的usb HID复合设备,闲来看看linux下USB设备驱动是怎么一回事,
参考资料基于韦东山JZ2440开发板,以下,有错误欢迎指出。
1、准备知识
1.1USB相关概念:
(1)usb是主从结构,usb的传输都是主机发起;
(2)usb右四种传输类型:控制、批量、中断、实时传输。
(3)usb数据是通过端点进行通讯的,0端点既能输入也能输出,端点都是有传输方向的,
(4)USB驱动程序框架
app:
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内核:USB设备驱动程序---知道数据含义,比如 用户自定义HID数据可以在这里解析;
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USB总线驱动程序--识别,找到匹配的设备驱动,提供读写函数;
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底层硬件相关:USB主机控制器,具体的USB类--HID、AUDIO、DFU、CDC、MSC等
1.2
2、USB总线驱动概念:
USB 设备驱动程序就是用来支持 “硬件 -- USB 设备”的。但是为了访问底层具体的“USB 设
备”,就要用到了“USB 总线驱动程序”提供的读写函数,将命令或数据发给底层“USB 主机控制
器”,由“USB 主机控制器”产生信号发送给“USB 设备”。
2.1USB总线驱动程序的作用
(1)识别USB设备;
当你插上USB设备时, 硬件上拉电阻触发,进入中断函数,通过端点0主机set 地址,获取相关的描述符,枚举。
这个过程有点复杂,可以看参考USB枚举链接。
(2)查找并安装对应的设备驱动程序;
(3)提供USB读写函数
2.2USB主机控制器
- UHC:intel 低速-全速
- OHCI:microsoft 低速、全速
- EHCI:高速
- linux内核源码(linux-2.6.22.6)
- 参考的内核代码:
/* * $Id: usbmouse.c,v 1.15 2001/12/27 10:37:41 vojtech Exp $ * * Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Vojtech Pavlik * * USB HIDBP Mouse support */ /* * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA * * Should you need to contact me, the author, you can do so either by * e-mail - mail your message to <vojtech@ucw.cz>, or by paper mail: * Vojtech Pavlik, Simunkova 1594, Prague 8, 182 00 Czech Republic */ #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/usb/input.h> #include <linux/hid.h> /* * Version Information */ #define DRIVER_VERSION "v1.6" #define DRIVER_AUTHOR "Vojtech Pavlik <vojtech@ucw.cz>" #define DRIVER_DESC "USB HID Boot Protocol mouse driver" #define DRIVER_LICENSE "GPL" MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR); MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC); MODULE_LICENSE(DRIVER_LICENSE); struct usb_mouse { char name[128]; char phys[64]; struct usb_device *usbdev; struct input_dev *dev; struct urb *irq; signed char *data; dma_addr_t data_dma; }; static void usb_mouse_irq(struct urb *urb) { struct usb_mouse *mouse = urb->context; signed char *data = mouse->data; struct input_dev *dev = mouse->dev; int status; switch (urb->status) { case 0: /* success */ break; case -ECONNRESET: /* unlink */ case -ENOENT: case -ESHUTDOWN: return; /* -EPIPE: should clear the halt */ default: /* error */ goto resubmit; } input_report_key(dev, BTN_LEFT, data[0] & 0x01); input_report_key(dev, BTN_RIGHT, data[0] & 0x02); input_report_key(dev, BTN_MIDDLE, data[0] & 0x04); input_report_key(dev, BTN_SIDE, data[0] & 0x08); input_report_key(dev, BTN_EXTRA, data[0] & 0x10); input_report_rel(dev, REL_X, data[1]); input_report_rel(dev, REL_Y, data[2]); input_report_rel(dev, REL_WHEEL, data[3]); input_sync(dev); resubmit: status = usb_submit_urb (urb, GFP_ATOMIC); if (status) err ("can't resubmit intr, %s-%s/input0, status %d", mouse->usbdev->bus->bus_name, mouse->usbdev->devpath, status); } static int usb_mouse_open(struct input_dev *dev) { struct usb_mouse *mouse = input_get_drvdata(dev); mouse->irq->dev = mouse->usbdev; if (usb_submit_urb(mouse->irq, GFP_KERNEL)) return -EIO; return 0; } static void usb_mouse_close(struct input_dev *dev) { struct usb_mouse *mouse = input_get_drvdata(dev); usb_kill_urb(mouse->irq); } static int usb_mouse_probe(struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id) { struct usb_device *dev = interface_to_usbdev(intf); struct usb_host_interface *interface; struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint; struct usb_mouse *mouse; struct input_dev *input_dev; int pipe, maxp; int error = -ENOMEM; interface = intf->cur_altsetting; if (interface->desc.bNumEndpoints != 1) return -ENODEV; endpoint = &interface->endpoint[0].desc; if (!usb_endpoint_is_int_in(endpoint)) return -ENODEV; pipe = usb_rcvintpipe(dev, endpoint->bEndpointAddress); maxp = usb_maxpacket(dev, pipe, usb_pipeout(pipe)); mouse = kzalloc(sizeof(struct usb_mouse), GFP_KERNEL); input_dev = input_allocate_device(); if (!mouse || !input_dev) goto fail1; mouse->data = usb_buffer_alloc(dev, 8, GFP_ATOMIC, &mouse->data_dma); if (!mouse->data) goto fail1; mouse->irq = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL); if (!mouse->irq) goto fail2; mouse->usbdev = dev; mouse->dev = input_dev; if (dev->manufacturer) strlcpy(mouse->name, dev->manufacturer, sizeof(mouse->name)); if (dev->product) { if (dev->manufacturer) strlcat(mouse->name, " ", sizeof(mouse->name)); strlcat(mouse->name, dev->product, sizeof(mouse->name)); } if (!strlen(mouse->name)) snprintf(mouse->name, sizeof(mouse->name), "USB HIDBP Mouse %04x:%04x", le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idVendor), le16_to_cpu(dev->descriptor.idProduct)); usb_make_path(dev, mouse->phys, sizeof(mouse->phys)); strlcat(mouse->phys, "/input0", sizeof(mouse->phys)); input_dev->name = mouse->name; input_dev->phys = mouse->phys; usb_to_input_id(dev, &input_dev->id); input_dev->dev.parent = &intf->dev; input_dev->evbit[0] = BIT(EV_KEY) | BIT(EV_REL); input_dev->keybit[LONG(BTN_MOUSE)] = BIT(BTN_LEFT) | BIT(BTN_RIGHT) | BIT(BTN_MIDDLE); input_dev->relbit[0] = BIT(REL_X) | BIT(REL_Y); input_dev->keybit[LONG(BTN_MOUSE)] |= BIT(BTN_SIDE) | BIT(BTN_EXTRA); input_dev->relbit[0] |= BIT(REL_WHEEL); input_set_drvdata(input_dev, mouse); input_dev->open = usb_mouse_open; input_dev->close = usb_mouse_close; usb_fill_int_urb(mouse->irq, dev, pipe, mouse->data, (maxp > 8 ? 8 : maxp), usb_mouse_irq, mouse, endpoint->bInterval); mouse->irq->transfer_dma = mouse->data_dma; mouse->irq->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP; error = input_register_device(mouse->dev); if (error) goto fail3; usb_set_intfdata(intf, mouse); return 0; fail3: usb_free_urb(mouse->irq); fail2: usb_buffer_free(dev, 8, mouse->data, mouse->data_dma); fail1: input_free_device(input_dev); kfree(mouse); return error; } static void usb_mouse_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf) { struct usb_mouse *mouse = usb_get_intfdata (intf); usb_set_intfdata(intf, NULL); if (mouse) { usb_kill_urb(mouse->irq); input_unregister_device(mouse->dev); usb_free_urb(mouse->irq); usb_buffer_free(interface_to_usbdev(intf), 8, mouse->data, mouse->data_dma); kfree(mouse); } } static struct usb_device_id usb_mouse_id_table [] = { { USB_INTERFACE_INFO(USB_INTERFACE_CLASS_HID, USB_INTERFACE_SUBCLASS_BOOT, USB_INTERFACE_PROTOCOL_MOUSE) }, { } /* Terminating entry */ }; MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE (usb, usb_mouse_id_table); static struct usb_driver usb_mouse_driver = { .name = "usbmouse", .probe = usb_mouse_probe, .disconnect = usb_mouse_disconnect, .id_table = usb_mouse_id_table, }; static int __init usb_mouse_init(void) { int retval = usb_register(&usb_mouse_driver); if (retval == 0) info(DRIVER_VERSION ":" DRIVER_DESC); return retval; } static void __exit usb_mouse_exit(void) { usb_deregister(&usb_mouse_driver); } module_init(usb_mouse_init); module_exit(usb_mouse_exit);
2.3其它概念-HUB概念-USB描述符概念
3、USB设备驱动代码框架分析
以上属于平台设备“总线-设备-驱动”模型;
可以百度下--驱动程序分层分离概念
以上是总线设备驱动模型;
当接上一个 USB 设备时,就会产生一个中断(hub_irq()) ,在中断里会分配一个编
号地址(choose_address(udev) )。
再然后把这个地址告诉 USB 设备(hub_set_address() )。
接着发出各种命令获取 USB 设备的“设备描述符” (usb_get_device_descriptor
() )。
再然后注册一个 device(device_add() )。这个被注册的 device 会被放到 USB 总线
(usb_bus_type)的“设备链表”。并且会从总线(usb_bus_type)的“驱动链表”中取
出"usb_driver" - USB 设备驱动结构, 把 usb_interface 和 usb_driver 的 id_table 比
较,若能匹配就去调用“usb_driver”结构中的“.probe”函数。 --接着可以在probe函数实现自己想要的功能
4、实现一个简单的USB鼠标驱动代码分析
4.1 USB 总线驱动程序,在接入 USB 设备时,会帮我们构造一个新的 usb_dev 注册到“usb_bus_type”里去。这部分是内核做好的。
4.2 我们要做的是,构造一个 usb_driver 结构体,注册到“usb_bus_type”中去。在“usb_driver”结构体中有“id_table”表示他能支持哪些设备,
4.3 .match。当 USB 设备能匹配 id_table 中某一个设备时,就会调用我们构造的“usb_driver”结构体中的“.probe” (自已确定在 probe 中做的事情)等函数,如当 拔掉
USB 设备时,就会调用其中的“.disconnect”函数
5、现在要实现的是:
USB 鼠标用作按键: (相当于输入子系统)。
左键 -- L
右键 -- S
中键 -- Enter
代码框架:
#include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/slab.h> #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/init.h> #include <linux/usb/input.h> #include <linux/hid.h> // static struct usb_device_id usbmouse_as_key_id_table [] = { { USB_INTERFACE_INFO(USB_INTERFACE_CLASS_HID, USB_INTERFACE_SUBCLASS_BOOT, USB_INTERFACE_PROTOCOL_MOUSE) }, //{USB_DEVICE(0x1234,0x5678)}, { } /* Terminating entry */ }; static int usbmouse_as_key_probe(struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id) { printk("found usbmouse! "); return 0; } static void usbmouse_as_key_disconnect(struct usb_interface *intf) { printk("disconnect usbmouse! "); } /* 1.分配设置usb_driver */ static struct usb_driver usbmouse_as_key_driver = { .name = "usbmouse_as_key_", .probe = usbmouse_as_key_probe, .disconnect = usbmouse_as_key_disconnect, .id_table = usbmouse_as_key_id_table, }; static int usbmouse_as_key_init(void) { /* 2.注册 */ usb_register(&usbmouse_as_key_driver); return 0; } static void usbmouse_as_key_exit(void) { usb_deregister(&usbmouse_as_key_driver); } module_init(usbmouse_as_key_init); module_exit(usbmouse_as_key_exit); MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
接着填充usb_driver 里面的函数,
5.1 id_table:
#define USB_INTERFACE_INFO(cl,sc,pr) .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO, .bInterfaceClass = (cl), .bInterfaceSubClass = (sc), .bInterfaceProtocol = (pr)
".match_flags":表示要匹配“设备描述符”中的哪一项。
“USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO”: INT 是接口意思,
INT_INFO 就是指接口的信息。接口的信息就在“接口描述符”里。
“.bInterfaceClass”:只要“接口描述符”里的“类”是(cl)。
“.bInterfaceSubClass”:子类是 (sc) 。
“.bInterfaceProtocol”:协议是 (pr) 。
所以,鼠标mouse接口描述符里类是--HID类,子类--boot,协议--mouse 这个id_table能支持
5.1 usbmouse_as_key_probe函数:
static int usbmouse_as_key_probe(struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id) { struct usb_device *dev = interface_to_usbdev(intf); struct usb_host_interface *interface; struct usb_endpoint_descriptor *endpoint; int pipe; interface = intf->cur_altsetting; endpoint = &interface->endpoint[0].desc; /* a. 分配一个input_dev */ uk_dev = input_allocate_device(); /* b. 设置 */ /* b.1 能产生哪类事件 */ set_bit(EV_KEY, uk_dev->evbit); set_bit(EV_REP, uk_dev->evbit); /* b.2 能产生哪些事件 */ set_bit(KEY_L, uk_dev->keybit); set_bit(KEY_S, uk_dev->keybit); set_bit(KEY_ENTER, uk_dev->keybit); /* c. 注册 */ input_register_device(uk_dev); /* d. 硬件相关操作 */ /* 数据传输3要素: 源,目的,长度 */ /* 源: USB设备的某个端点 */ pipe = usb_rcvintpipe(dev, endpoint->bEndpointAddress); /* 长度: */ len = endpoint->wMaxPacketSize; /* 目的: */ usb_buf = usb_buffer_alloc(dev, len, GFP_ATOMIC, &usb_buf_phys); /* 使用"3要素" */ /* 分配usb request block */ uk_urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL); /* 使用"3要素设置urb" */ usb_fill_int_urb(uk_urb, dev, pipe, usb_buf, len, usbmouse_as_key_irq, NULL, endpoint->bInterval); uk_urb->transfer_dma = usb_buf_phys; uk_urb->transfer_flags |= URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP; /* 使用URB */ usb_submit_urb(uk_urb, GFP_KERNEL); return 0; }