Django中由wsgi模块接管http请求，核心处理方法为get_wsgi_application，其定义如下：
def get_wsgi_application():
"""
The public interface to Django's WSGI support. Should return a WSGI
callable.
Allows us to avoid making django.core.handlers.WSGIHandler public API, in
case the internal WSGI implementation changes or moves in the future.
"""
django.setup()
return WSGIHandler()
WSGIHandler(代码有节减)：
class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
initLock = Lock()
request_class = WSGIRequest
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
# Set up middleware if needed. We couldn't do this earlier, because
# settings weren't available.
if self._request_middleware is None:
with self.initLock:
try:
# Check that middleware is still uninitialized.
if self._request_middleware is None:
self.load_middleware()
except:
# Unload whatever middleware we got
self._request_middleware = None
raise
set_script_prefix(get_script_name(environ))
signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__, environ=environ)
try:
request = self.request_class(environ)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
logger.warning('Bad Request (UnicodeDecodeError)',
exc_info=sys.exc_info(),
extra={
'status_code': 400,
}
)
response = http.HttpResponseBadRequest()
else:
response = self.get_response(request)
response._handler_class = self.__class__
status = '%s %s' % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
response_headers = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in response.items()]
for c in response.cookies.values():
response_headers.append((str('Set-Cookie'), str(c.output(header=''))))
start_response(force_str(status), response_headers)
if getattr(response, 'file_to_stream', None) is not None and environ.get('wsgi.file_wrapper'):
response = environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](response.file_to_stream)
return response
从代码中可以看到，当WSGIHandler对象被调用的时候，首先会判断请求中间件是否为None，如果为None，则通过self.load_middleware()加载中间件。之后调用self.get_response(request)获得http响应对象。BaseHandler的load_middleware、get_response方法定义如下：
BaseHandler(代码有节减)：
class BaseHandler(object):
# Changes that are always applied to a response (in this order).
response_fixes = [
http.conditional_content_removal,
]
def __init__(self):
self._request_middleware = None
self._view_middleware = None
self._template_response_middleware = None
self._response_middleware = None
self._exception_middleware = None
def load_middleware(self):
"""
Populate middleware lists from settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES.
Must be called after the environment is fixed (see __call__ in subclasses).
"""
self._view_middleware = []
self._template_response_middleware = []
self._response_middleware = []
self._exception_middleware = []
request_middleware = []
for middleware_path in settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES:
mw_class = import_string(middleware_path)
try:
mw_instance = mw_class()
except MiddlewareNotUsed as exc:
if settings.DEBUG:
if six.text_type(exc):
logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed(%r): %s', middleware_path, exc)
else:
logger.debug('MiddlewareNotUsed: %r', middleware_path)
continue
if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_request'):
request_middleware.append(mw_instance.process_request)
if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_view'):
self._view_middleware.append(mw_instance.process_view)
if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_template_response'):
self._template_response_middleware.insert(0, mw_instance.process_template_response)
if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_response'):
self._response_middleware.insert(0, mw_instance.process_response)
if hasattr(mw_instance, 'process_exception'):
self._exception_middleware.insert(0, mw_instance.process_exception)
# We only assign to this when initialization is complete as it is used
# as a flag for initialization being complete.
self._request_middleware = request_middleware
def get_response(self, request):
"Returns an HttpResponse object for the given HttpRequest"
# Setup default url resolver for this thread, this code is outside
# the try/except so we don't get a spurious "unbound local
# variable" exception in the event an exception is raised before
# resolver is set
urlconf = settings.ROOT_URLCONF
urlresolvers.set_urlconf(urlconf)
resolver = urlresolvers.get_resolver(urlconf)
# Use a flag to check if the response was rendered to prevent
# multiple renderings or to force rendering if necessary.
response_is_rendered = False
try:
response = None
# Apply request middleware
for middleware_method in self._request_middleware:
response = middleware_method(request)
if response:
break
if response is None:
if hasattr(request, 'urlconf'):
# Reset url resolver with a custom URLconf.
urlconf = request.urlconf
urlresolvers.set_urlconf(urlconf)
resolver = urlresolvers.get_resolver(urlconf)
resolver_match = resolver.resolve(request.path_info)
callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs = resolver_match
request.resolver_match = resolver_match
# Apply view middleware
for middleware_method in self._view_middleware:
response = middleware_method(request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
if response:
break
if response is None:
wrapped_callback = self.make_view_atomic(callback)
try:
response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
except Exception as e:
response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
# Complain if the view returned None (a common error).
if response is None:
if isinstance(callback, types.FunctionType): # FBV
view_name = callback.__name__
else: # CBV
view_name = callback.__class__.__name__ + '.__call__'
raise ValueError("The view %s.%s didn't return an HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
% (callback.__module__, view_name))
# If the response supports deferred rendering, apply template
# response middleware and then render the response
if hasattr(response, 'render') and callable(response.render):
for middleware_method in self._template_response_middleware:
response = middleware_method(request, response)
# Complain if the template response middleware returned None (a common error).
if response is None:
raise ValueError(
"%s.process_template_response didn't return an "
"HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
% (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__))
try:
response = response.render()
except Exception as e:
response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
response_is_rendered = True
except http.Http404 as exc:
logger.warning('Not Found: %s', request.path,
extra={
'status_code': 404,
'request': request
})
if settings.DEBUG:
response = debug.technical_404_response(request, exc)
else:
response = self.get_exception_response(request, resolver, 404, exc)
try:
# Apply response middleware, regardless of the response
for middleware_method in self._response_middleware:
response = middleware_method(request, response)
# Complain if the response middleware returned None (a common error).
if response is None:
raise ValueError(
"%s.process_response didn't return an "
"HttpResponse object. It returned None instead."
% (middleware_method.__self__.__class__.__name__))
response = self.apply_response_fixes(request, response)
except: # Any exception should be gathered and handled
signals.got_request_exception.send(sender=self.__class__, request=request)
response = self.handle_uncaught_exception(request, resolver, sys.exc_info())
response._closable_objects.append(request)
# If the exception handler returns a TemplateResponse that has not
# been rendered, force it to be rendered.
if not response_is_rendered and callable(getattr(response, 'render', None)):
response = response.render()
return response
get_response方法中，循环遍历执行已经加载的request middleware，调用middleware将返回None 或者HttpResponse对象，如果返回前者，继续处理其它中间件，如果返回一个 HttpResponse，就处理中止。接着，应用view middleware，通过 url resolve匹配路由获取view functions(如果使用的通用视图，通过调用as_view方法，此方法为闭包，返回一个view方法)。如果middleware支持渲染(render)，则应用template response中间件，然后通过调用HttpResponse对象的render方法渲染模板响应输出。