表介绍
表相当于文件，表中的一条记录就相当于文件的一行内容，不同的是，表中的一条记录有对应的标题，称为表的字段
id，name，qq，age称为字段，其余的，一行内容称为一条记录
本节重点：
1 创建表
2 查看表结构
3 数据类型
4 表完整性约束
5 修改表
6 复制表
7 删除表
一 创建表
复制代码 语法： create table 表名( 字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件], 字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件], 字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件] ); 注意： 1. 在同一张表中，字段名是不能相同 2. 宽度和约束条件可选 3. 字段名和类型是必须的
#1 操作文件夹（库） 增 create database db1 charset utf8; 查 show databases; show create database db1; 改 alter database db1 charset gbk; 删 drop database db1; #2 操作文件（表） 切换到文件夹下：use db1 增 create table t1(id int,name char(10))engine=innodb; create table t2(id int,name char(10))engine=innodb default charset utf8; 查 show tables; show create table t1; desc t1;#查看表结构 改 alter table t1 add age int; alter table t1 modify name char(12); 删 drop table t1; #3 操作文件的一行行内容（记录） 增 insert into db1.t1 values(1,'egon1'),(2,'egon2'),(3,'egon3'); insert into db1.t1(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3'); 查 select * from t1; select name from t1; select name,id from t1; 改 update t1 set name='SB' where id=4; update t1 set name='SB' where name='alex'; 删 delete from t1 where id=4; #对于清空表记录有两种方式，但是推荐后者 delete from t1; truncate t1; #当数据量比较大的情况下，使用这种方式，删除速度快 #自增id create table t5(id int primary key auto_increment,name char(10)); create table t4(id int not null unique,name char(10)); insert into t5(name) values ('egon5'), ('egon6'), ('egon7'), ('egon8'), ('egon9'), ('egon10'), ('egon11'), ('egon12'), ('egon13'); #拷贝表结构 create table t7 select * from t5 where 1=2; alter table t7 modify id int primary key auto_increment; insert into t7(name) values ('egon1'), ('egon2'), ('egon3'), ('egon4'), ('egon5'), ('egon6'), ('egon7'), ('egon8'), ('egon9'), ('egon10'), ('egon11'), ('egon12'), ('egon13'); delete from t7 where id=1; #删记录 update t7 set name=''; #修改字段对应的值
权限问题：创建用户，然后重新打开一个cmd，选择之前创建好的用户名和密码登录，实现功能
#创建用户 create user 'lin'@'localhost' identified by '123';(只能在本机上，登录该用户)
create user 'lin'@'%'identified by '123'（所有人都可以登录该用户） create user 'lin'@'192.168.20.%' by '123'(就是说在这个局域网的计算机可以是有该用户登录)
登录时一定要输入该机器的网段
mysql -h192.168.20.97 -ulin -p123（这里的ip-） #insert,delele,update,select #级别1：对所有库，下的所有表，下的所有字段 grant select on *.* to 'lin1'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #级别2：对db1库，下的所有表，下的所有字段 grant select on db1.* to 'lin2'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #级别3：对表db1.t1，下的所有字段 grant select on db1.t1 to 'lin3'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #级别4：对表db1.t1，下的id,name字段 grant select (id,name) on db1.t1 to 'lin4'@'localhost' identified by '123'; grant select (id,name),update (name) on db1.t1 to 'lin5'@'localhost' identified by '123'; #修改完权限后，要记得刷新权限 flush privileges;
mysql四-1:数据类型
一 介绍
存储引擎决定了表的类型，而表内存放的数据也要有不同的类型，每种数据类型都有自己的宽度，但宽度是可选的
详细参考：
- http://www.runoob.com/mysql/mysql-data-types.html
- http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/data-type-overview.html
mysql数据类型概览
View Code二 数值类型
整数类型：TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
作用：存储年龄，等级，id，各种号码等
View Code 验证！！！注意：为该类型指定宽度时，仅仅只是指定查询结果的显示宽度，与存储范围无关，存储范围如下
其实我们完全没必要为整数类型指定显示宽度，使用默认的就可以了
默认的显示宽度，都是在最大值的基础上加1
int的存储宽度是4个Bytes，即32个bit，即2**32
无符号最大值为：4294967296-1
有符号最大值：2147483648-1
有符号和无符号的最大数字需要的显示宽度均为10，而针对有符号的最小值则需要11位才能显示完全，所以int类型默认的显示宽度为11是非常合理的
最后：整形类型，其实没有必要指定显示宽度，使用默认的就ok
定点数类型 DEC等同于DECIMAL
浮点类型：FLOAT DOUBLE
作用：存储薪资、身高、体重、体质参数等
======================================
decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill]
准确的小数值，m是数字总个数（负号不算），d是小数点后个数。 m最大值为65，d最大值为30。
特别的：对于精确数值计算时需要用此类型
decaimal能够存储精确值的原因在于其内部按照字符串存储。
======================================
FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
单精度浮点数（非准确小数值），m是数字总个数，d是小数点后个数。
有符号：
-3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38,
0
1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
无符号：
0
1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38
**** 数值越大，越不准确 ****
======================================
DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL]
双精度浮点数（非准确小数值），m是数字总个数，d是小数点后个数。
有符号：
-1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308
0
2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
无符号：
0
2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308
**** 数值越大，越不准确 ****
MariaDB [db1]> create table t8(salary float(5,2)); #总共5位，小数部分占2位，因而整数部分最多3位
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t8 values
-> (3.3),
-> (7.33),
-> (9.335),
-> (1000.1);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t8;
+--------+
| salary |
+--------+
| 3.30 |
| 7.33 |
| 9.34 | #4舍5入
| 999.99 | #小数最多2位，整数最多3位
+--------+
位类型：BIT
BIT(M)可以用来存放多位二进制数，M范围从1~64，如果不写默认为1位。
注意：对于位字段需要使用函数读取
bin()显示为二进制
hex()显示为十六进制
MariaDB [db1]> create table t9(id bit);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t9; #bit默认宽度为1
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | bit(1) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------+------+-----+---------+-------+
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t9; #直接查看是无法显示二进制位的
+------+
| id |
+------+
| |
+------+
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9; #需要转换才能看到
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 1 |
+---------+---------+
MariaDB [db1]> alter table t9 modify id bit(5);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t9 values(8);
MariaDB [db1]> select bin(id),hex(id) from t9;
+---------+---------+
| bin(id) | hex(id) |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1000 | 8 |
+---------+---------+
三 日期类型
DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
作用：存储用户注册时间，文章发布时间，员工入职时间，出生时间，过期时间等
YEAR
YYYY（1901/2155）
DATE
YYYY-MM-DD（1000-01-01/9999-12-31）
TIME
HH:MM:SS（'-838:59:59'/'838:59:59'）
DATETIME
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS（1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 Y）
TIMESTAMP
YYYYMMDD HHMMSS（1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某时）
============year===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #无论year指定何种宽度，最后都默认是year(4)
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values
-> (1900),
-> (1901),
-> (2155),
-> (2156);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10;
+-----------+
| born_year |
+-----------+
| 0000 |
| 1901 |
| 2155 |
| 0000 |
+-----------+
============date,time,datetime===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> desc t11;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| d | date | YES | | NULL | |
| t | time | YES | | NULL | |
| dt | datetime | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now());
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11;
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| d | t | dt |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 |
+------------+----------+---------------------+
============timestamp===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values();
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+---------------------+
| time |
+---------------------+
| 2017-07-25 16:29:17 |
| 2017-07-25 16:30:01 |
+---------------------+
============注意啦，注意啦，注意啦===========
1. 单独插入时间时，需要以字符串的形式，按照对应的格式插入
2. 插入年份时，尽量使用4位值
3. 插入两位年份时，<=69，以20开头，比如50, 结果2050
>=70，以19开头，比如71，结果1971
MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values
-> (50),
-> (71);
MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12;
+------+
| y |
+------+
| 2050 |
| 1971 |
+------+
============综合练习===========
MariaDB [db1]> create table student(
-> id int,
-> name varchar(20),
-> born_year year,
-> birth date,
-> class_time time,
-> reg_time datetime);
MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values
-> (1,'alex',"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"),
-> (2,'egon',"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"),
-> (3,'wsb',"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13");
MariaDB [db1]> select * from student;
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| id | name | born_year | birth | class_time | reg_time |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
| 1 | alex | 1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11 | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 |
| 2 | egon | 1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12 | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 |
| 3 | wsb | 1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13 | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 |
+------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
在实际应用的很多场景中，MySQL的这两种日期类型都能够满足我们的需要，存储精度都为秒，但在某些情况下，会展现出他们各自的优劣。下面就来总结一下两种日期类型的区别。
1.DATETIME的日期范围是1001——9999年，TIMESTAMP的时间范围是1970——2038年。
2.DATETIME存储时间与时区无关，TIMESTAMP存储时间与时区有关，显示的值也依赖于时区。在mysql服务器，操作系统以及客户端连接都有时区的设置。
3.DATETIME使用8字节的存储空间，TIMESTAMP的存储空间为4字节。因此，TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空间利用率更高。
4.DATETIME的默认值为null；TIMESTAMP的字段默认不为空（not null）,默认值为当前时间（CURRENT_TIMESTAMP），如果不做特殊处理，并且update语句中没有指定该列的更新值，则默认更新为当前时间。
四 字符串类型
#官网：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/char.html
#注意：char和varchar括号内的参数指的都是字符的长度
#char类型：定长，简单粗暴，浪费空间，存取速度快
字符长度范围：0-255（一个中文是一个字符，是utf8编码的3个字节）
存储：
存储char类型的值时，会往右填充空格来满足长度
例如：指定长度为10，存>10个字符则报错，存<10个字符则用空格填充直到凑够10个字符存储
检索：
在检索或者说查询时，查出的结果会自动删除尾部的空格，除非我们打开pad_char_to_full_length SQL模式（SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';）
#varchar类型：变长，精准，节省空间，存取速度慢
字符长度范围：0-65535（如果大于21845会提示用其他类型 。mysql行最大限制为65535字节，字符编码为utf-8：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/column-count-limit.html）
存储：
varchar类型存储数据的真实内容，不会用空格填充，如果'ab ',尾部的空格也会被存起来
强调：varchar类型会在真实数据前加1-2Bytes的前缀，该前缀用来表示真实数据的bytes字节数（1-2Bytes最大表示65535个数字，正好符合mysql对row的最大字节限制，即已经足够使用）
如果真实的数据<255bytes则需要1Bytes的前缀（1Bytes=8bit 2**8最大表示的数字为255）
如果真实的数据>255bytes则需要2Bytes的前缀（2Bytes=16bit 2**16最大表示的数字为65535）
检索：
尾部有空格会保存下来，在检索或者说查询时，也会正常显示包含空格在内的内容
官网详解| Value | CHAR(4) | Storage Required | VARCHAR(4) | Storage Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|
'' |
' ' |
4 bytes | '' |
1 byte |
'ab' |
'ab ' |
4 bytes | 'ab' |
3 bytes |
'abcd' |
'abcd' |
4 bytes | 'abcd' |
5 bytes |
'abcdefgh' |
'abcd' |
4 bytes | 'abcd' |
5 bytes |
测试前了解两个函数 length：查看字节数 char_length:查看字符数
1. char填充空格来满足固定长度，但是在查询时却会很不要脸地删除尾部的空格（装作自己好像没有浪费过空间一样），然后修改sql_mode让其现出原形
mysql> create table t1(x char(5),y varchar(5));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)
#char存5个字符，而varchar存4个字符
mysql> insert into t1 values('你瞅啥 ','你瞅啥 ');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> SET sql_mode='';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
#在检索时char很不要脸地将自己浪费的2个字符给删掉了，装的好像自己没浪费过空间一样，而varchar很老实，存了多少，就显示多少
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1;
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x | char_length(x) | y | char_length(y) |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥 | 3 | 你瞅啥 | 4 |
+-----------+----------------+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#略施小计，让char现出原形
mysql> SET sql_mode = 'PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_LENGTH';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
#这下子char原形毕露了......
mysql> select x,char_length(x),y,char_length(y) from t1;
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| x | char_length(x) | y | char_length(y) |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
| 你瞅啥 | 5 | 你瞅啥 | 4 |
+-------------+----------------+------------+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#char类型：3个中文字符+2个空格=11Bytes
#varchar类型:3个中文字符+1个空格=10Bytes
mysql> select x,length(x),y,length(y) from t1;
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| x | length(x) | y | length(y) |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
| 你瞅啥 | 11 | 你瞅啥 | 10 |
+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select concat('数据: ',x,'长度: ',char_length(x)),concat(y,char_length(y)
) from t1;
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| concat('数据: ',x,'长度: ',char_length(x)) | concat(y,char_length(y)) |
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| 数据: 你瞅啥 长度: 5 | 你瞅啥 4 |
+------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2. 虽然 CHAR 和 VARCHAR 的存储方式不太相同,但是对于两个字符串的比较,都只比 较其值,忽略 CHAR 值存在的右填充,即使将 SQL _MODE 设置为 PAD_CHAR_TO_FULL_ LENGTH 也一样,,但这不适用于like
Values in CHAR and VARCHAR columns are sorted and compared according to the character set collation assigned to the column.
All MySQL collations are of type PAD SPACE. This means that all CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT values are compared without regard to any trailing spaces. “Comparison” in this context does not include the LIKE pattern-matching operator, for which trailing spaces are significant. For example:
mysql> CREATE TABLE names (myname CHAR(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO names VALUES ('Monty');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT myname = 'Monty', myname = 'Monty ' FROM names;
+------------------+--------------------+
| myname = 'Monty' | myname = 'Monty ' |
+------------------+--------------------+
| 1 | 1 |
+------------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT myname LIKE 'Monty', myname LIKE 'Monty ' FROM names;
+---------------------+-----------------------+
| myname LIKE 'Monty' | myname LIKE 'Monty ' |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
| 1 | 0 |
+---------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3. 总结
#常用字符串系列：char与varchar 注：虽然varchar使用起来较为灵活，但是从整个系统的性能角度来说，char数据类型的处理速度更快，有时甚至可以超出varchar处理速度的50%。因此，用户在设计数据库时应当综合考虑各方面的因素，以求达到最佳的平衡 #其他字符串系列（效率：char>varchar>text） TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT BLOB 系列 TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARY text：text数据类型用于保存变长的大字符串，可以组多到65535 (2**16 − 1)个字符。 mediumtext：A TEXT column with a maximum length of 16,777,215 (2**24 − 1) characters. longtext：A TEXT column with a maximum length of 4,294,967,295 or 4GB (2**32 − 1) characters.
五 枚举类型与集合类型
字段的值只能在给定范围中选择，如单选框，多选框
enum 单选 只能在给定的范围内选一个值，如性别 sex 男male/女female
set 多选 在给定的范围内可以选择一个或一个以上的值（爱好1,爱好2,爱好3...）
create table student1( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(5), sex enum('male','female'), hobbies set('music','read','study','coding') ); insert into student1(name,sex,hobbies) values('egon','None','asdfasdfasdf'); insert into student1(name,sex,hobbies) values('egon','male','music,read');
数据实例：
1 数字(默认都是有符号，宽度指的是显示宽度，与存储无关) tinyint int bigint：个数，年龄，id，qq号，手机号 float：价格，身高，体重，余额 2 字符(宽度指的是字符个数)：姓名，性别，职业，地址，职称，介绍 char：简单粗暴，不够则凑够固定长度存放起来，浪费空间，存取速度快 varchar：精准，计算出待存放的数据的长度，节省空间，存取速度慢 3 日期 #注册时间 datetime 2017-09-06 10:39:49 #出生年月日，开学时间 date:2017-09-06 #聊天记录，上课时间 time:10:39:49 #出生年 year:2017 4 枚举与集合 enum枚举：规定一个范围，可有多个值，但是为该字段传值时，只能取规定范围中的一个 set集合：规定一个范围，可有多个值，但是为该字段传值时，可以取规定范围中的一个或多个 1 : #整型测试 create table t1(id tinyint); create table t2(id int); create table t3(id bigint); #浮点型测试 0.1231233123412 3123213123123123 float:0.1231233123412 0000000000000000 double:0.1231233123412 3123213123100000 decimal: #测试 create table t4(salary float(5,2)); insert into t4 values (3.73555); insert into t4 values (-3.73555); insert into t4 values (-1111.73555); insert into t4 values (-111.73555); 2 char与varchar测试() create table t6(name char(4)); insert into t6 values('alexsb'); insert into t6 values('欧德博爱'); insert into t6 values('艾利克斯a'); create table t7(x char(5),y varchar(5)); #insert into t7 values('abcdef','abc'); #insert into t7 values('abc','abc'); #insert into t7 values('abc','abcdef'); insert into t7 values('abc','abc'); #char_length ：查看字符的长度 insert into t7 values('你好啊','好你妹'); #char_length ：查看字符的长度 #了解 insert into t7 values('你好啊','好你妹'); #length：查看字节的长度 #注意两点： insert into t7 values('abc ','abc '); #length：查看字节的长度 select * from t7 where y='abc '; #去掉末尾的空格然后去比较 3：日期类型 create table student( id int, name char(5), born_date date, born_year year, reg_time datetime, class_time time ); insert into student values(1,'alex',now(),now(),now(),now()); insert into student values(1,'alex','2017-09-06','2017','2017-09-06 10:39:00','08:30:00'); #了解 insert into student values(1,'alex','2017-09-06',2017,'2017-09-06 10:39:00','08:30:00'); insert into student values(1,'alex','2017/09/06',2017,'2017-09-06 10:39:00','08:30:00'); insert into student values(1,'alex','20170906',2017,'20170906103900','083000'); 4 枚举与集合 create table student1( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(5), sex enum('male','female'), hobbies set('music','read','study','coding') ); insert into student1(name,sex,hobbies) values('egon','None','asdfasdfasdf'); insert into student1(name,sex,hobbies) values('egon','male','music,read');
表的完整性约束
mysql四-2:完整性约束
一 介绍
约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样，都是可选参数
作用：用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
主要分为：
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录 FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键 NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空 UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的 AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键） DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值 UNSIGNED 无符号 ZEROFILL 使用0填充
说明：
1. 是否允许为空，默认NULL，可设置NOT NULL，字段不允许为空，必须赋值
2. 字段是否有默认值，缺省的默认值是NULL，如果插入记录时不给字段赋值，此字段使用默认值
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值（无符号） 不允许为空 默认是20
3. 是否是key
主键 primary key
外键 foreign key
索引 (index,unique...)
二 not null与default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
默认值，创建列时可以指定默认值，当插入数据时如果未主动设置，则自动添加默认值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)
==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空
mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;
==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(
-> name varchar(20) not null,
-> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
-> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
-> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
| hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex | hobby |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon | 18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+
三 unique
============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
);
方法二：
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
);
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
);
mysql> insert into service values
-> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
-> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
-> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
-> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
四 primary key
primary key字段的值不为空且唯一
一个表中可以：
单列做主键
多列做主键（复合主键）
但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key
============单列做主键===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
#方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
);
mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
#方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name
mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
);
mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into service values
-> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
-> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
五 auto_increment
约束字段为自动增长，被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id，则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);
mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
-> ('egon'),
-> ('alex')
-> ;
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+
#也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
+----+------+--------+
#对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 8 | ysb | male |
+----+------+------+
#应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
-> id int primary key auto_increment,
-> name varchar(20),
-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
-> );
mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;
mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
#也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3;
#设置步长
sqlserver：自增步长
基于表级别
create table t1（
id int。。。
）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8
mysql自增的步长：
show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
#基于会话级别
set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长
#基于全局级别的
set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效）
#！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略
比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2
mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+--------------------------+-------+
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
);
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+-------+------+
| 3 | egon1 | male |
| 8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+
六 foreign key
员工信息表有三个字段：工号 姓名 部门
公司有3个部门，但是有1个亿的员工，那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储，部门名字越长，越浪费
解决方法：
我们完全可以定义一个部门表
然后让员工信息表关联该表，如何关联，即foreign key
#表类型必须是innodb存储引擎，且被关联的字段，即references指定的另外一个表的字段，必须保证唯一
create table department(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null
)engine=innodb;
#dpt_id外键，关联父表（department主键id），同步更新，同步删除
create table employee(
id int primary key,
name varchar(20) not null,
dpt_id int,
constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
references department(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
)engine=innodb;
#先往父表department中插入记录
insert into department values
(1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
(2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
(3,'销售部');
#再往子表employee中插入记录
insert into employee values
(1,'egon',1),
(2,'alex1',2),
(3,'alex2',2),
(4,'alex3',2),
(5,'李坦克',3),
(6,'刘飞机',3),
(7,'张火箭',3),
(8,'林子弹',3),
(9,'加特林',3)
;
#删父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
mysql> delete from department where id=3;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
| 1 | egon | 1 |
| 2 | alex1 | 2 |
| 3 | alex2 | 2 |
| 4 | alex3 | 2 |
+----+-------+--------+
#更新父表department，子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+-------+--------+
| id | name | dpt_id |
+----+-------+--------+
| 1 | egon | 1 |
| 3 | alex2 | 22222 |
| 4 | alex3 | 22222 |
| 5 | alex1 | 22222 |
+----+-------+--------+
表1 foreign key 表2
则表1的多条记录对应表2的一条记录，即多对一
利用foreign key的原理我们可以制作两张表的多对多，一对一关系
多对多：
表1的多条记录可以对应表2的一条记录
表2的多条记录也可以对应表1的一条记录
一对一：
表1的一条记录唯一对应表2的一条记录，反之亦然
分析时，我们先从按照上面的基本原理去套，然后再翻译成真实的意义，就很好理解了
#一对多或称为多对一 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书 关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);
create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);
insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;
insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
其他例子
#多对多 三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多 关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);
#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);
#插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');
#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
1 egon:
1 九阳神功
2 九阴真经
3 九阴白骨爪
4 独孤九剑
5 降龙十巴掌
6 葵花宝典
2 alex:
1 九阳神功
6 葵花宝典
3 yuanhao:
4 独孤九剑
5 降龙十巴掌
6 葵花宝典
4 wpq:
1 九阳神功
insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
单张表：用户表+相亲关系表，相当于：用户表+相亲关系表+用户表 多张表：用户表+用户与主机关系表+主机表 中间那一张存放关系的表，对外关联的字段可以联合唯一
#一对一 两张表：学生表和客户表 一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系 关联方式：foreign key+unique
#一定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了：
#1 学生一定是一个客户，
#2 客户不一定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生
create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null
);
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
class_name varchar(20) not null default 'python自动化',
level int default 1,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
);
#增加客户
insert into customer(name) values
('李飞机'),
('王大炮'),
('守榴弹'),
('吴坦克'),
('赢火箭'),
('战地雷')
;
#增加学生
insert into student(name,customer_id) values
('李飞机',1),
('王大炮',2)
;
其他例子七 作业
练习：账号信息表，用户组，主机表，主机组
#用户表 create table user( id int not null unique auto_increment, username varchar(20) not null, password varchar(50) not null, primary key(username,password) ); insert into user(username,password) values ('root','123'), ('egon','456'), ('alex','alex3714') ; #用户组表 create table usergroup( id int primary key auto_increment, groupname varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into usergroup(groupname) values ('IT'), ('Sale'), ('Finance'), ('boss') ; #主机表 create table host( id int primary key auto_increment, ip char(15) not null unique default '127.0.0.1' ); insert into host(ip) values ('172.16.45.2'), ('172.16.31.10'), ('172.16.45.3'), ('172.16.31.11'), ('172.10.45.3'), ('172.10.45.4'), ('172.10.45.5'), ('192.168.1.20'), ('192.168.1.21'), ('192.168.1.22'), ('192.168.2.23'), ('192.168.2.223'), ('192.168.2.24'), ('192.168.3.22'), ('192.168.3.23'), ('192.168.3.24') ; #业务线表 create table business( id int primary key auto_increment, business varchar(20) not null unique ); insert into business(business) values ('轻松贷'), ('随便花'), ('大富翁'), ('穷一生') ; #建关系：user与usergroup create table user2usergroup( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, group_id int not null, primary key(user_id,group_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(group_id) references usergroup(id) ); insert into user2usergroup(user_id,group_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4) ; #建关系：host与business create table host2business( id int not null unique auto_increment, host_id int not null, business_id int not null, primary key(host_id,business_id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id), foreign key(business_id) references business(id) ); insert into host2business(host_id,business_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,2), (2,3), (3,4) ; #建关系：user与host create table user2host( id int not null unique auto_increment, user_id int not null, host_id int not null, primary key(user_id,host_id), foreign key(user_id) references user(id), foreign key(host_id) references host(id) ); insert into user2host(user_id,host_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (1,9), (1,10), (1,11), (1,12), (1,13), (1,14), (1,15), (1,16), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,10), (3,11), (3,12) ;
实例：
1 not null 与default create table student2( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(5), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'female' ); insert into student2(name) values('alex'); create table student3( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(5), age int not null default 30 ); insert into student3(name) values('alex'); 2 unique #单列唯一 create table teacher( id int not null unique, name char(10) ); insert into teacher values(1,'egon'); insert into teacher values(1,'alex'); #多列唯一 #255.255.255.255 create table services( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(10), host char(15), port int, constraint host_port unique(host,port) ); insert into services values('ftp','192.168.20.17',8080); insert into services values('httpd','192.168.20.17',8081); #auto_increment_offset:偏移量 create table dep( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(10) ); insert into dep(name) values('IT'),('HR'),('SALE'),('Boss'); create table dep1( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(10) )auto_increment=10;（指定从10开始自增） insert into dep1(name) values('IT'),('HR'),('SALE'),('Boss'); auto_increment_increment:步长 create table dep2( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(10) ); set session auto_increment_increment=2; #会话级，只对当前会话有效 set global auto_increment_increment=2; #全局，对所有的会话都有效 insert into dep1(name) values('IT'),('HR'),('SALE'),('Boss'); #auto_increment_offset:偏移量+auto_increment_increment:步长 注意：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 set session auto_increment_offset=2; set session auto_increment_increment=3; show variables like '%auto_in%';（模糊查找） create table dep3( id int primary key auto_increment, name char(10) ); insert into dep3(name) values('IT'),('HR'),('SALE'),('Boss'); #foreign key #！！！先建被关联的表,并且被关联的字段必须唯一 create table dep( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(50), comment varchar(100) ); create table emp_info( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), dep_id int, constraint fk_depid_id foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); #先给被关联的表初始化记录 insert into dep values (1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部','说的好...'), (2,'艾利克斯人力资源部','招不到人'), (3,'销售部','卖不出东西'); insert into emp_info values (1,'egon',1), (2,'alex1',2), (3,'alex2',2), (4,'alex3',2), (5,'李坦克',3), (6,'刘飞机',3), (7,'张火箭',3), (8,'林子弹',3), (9,'加特林',3) ;
五 修改表ALTER TABLE
语法：
1. 修改表名
ALTER TABLE 表名
RENAME 新表名;
2. 增加字段
ALTER TABLE 表名
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] FIRST;
ALTER TABLE 表名
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;
3. 删除字段
ALTER TABLE 表名
DROP 字段名;
4. 修改字段
ALTER TABLE 表名
MODIFY 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名
CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名
CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
示例：
1. 修改存储引擎
mysql> alter table service
-> engine=innodb;
2. 添加字段
mysql> alter table student10
-> add name varchar(20) not null,
-> add age int(3) not null default 22;
mysql> alter table student10
-> add stu_num varchar(10) not null after name; //添加name字段之后
mysql> alter table student10
-> add sex enum('male','female') default 'male' first; //添加到最前面
3. 删除字段
mysql> alter table student10
-> drop sex;
mysql> alter table service
-> drop mac;
4. 修改字段类型modify
mysql> alter table student10
-> modify age int(3);
mysql> alter table student10
-> modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment; //修改为主键
5. 增加约束（针对已有的主键增加auto_increment）
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment;
ERROR 1068 (42000): Multiple primary key defined
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null auto_increment;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
6. 对已经存在的表增加复合主键
mysql> alter table service2
-> add primary key(host_ip,port);
7. 增加主键
mysql> alter table student1
-> modify name varchar(10) not null primary key;
8. 增加主键和自动增长
mysql> alter table student1
-> modify id int not null primary key auto_increment;
9. 删除主键
a. 删除自增约束
mysql> alter table student10 modify id int(11) not null;
b. 删除主键
mysql> alter table student10
-> drop primary key;
六 复制表
复制表结构＋记录 （key不会复制: 主键、外键和索引） mysql> create table new_service select * from service; 只复制表结构 mysql> select * from service where 1=2; //条件为假，查不到任何记录 Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> create table new1_service select * from service where 1=2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> create table t4 like employees;
七 删除表
DROP TABLE 表名;
mysql五:数据操作
一 介绍
MySQL数据操作： DML
========================================================
在MySQL管理软件中，可以通过SQL语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作，包括
- 使用INSERT实现数据的插入
- UPDATE实现数据的更新
- 使用DELETE实现数据的删除
- 使用SELECT查询数据以及。
========================================================
本节内容包括：
插入数据
更新数据
删除数据
查询数据
二 插入数据INSERT
1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）
语法一：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);
语法二：
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);
2. 指定字段插入数据
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);
3. 插入多条记录
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n),
(值1,值2,值3…值n);
4. 插入查询结果
语法：
INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n)
SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
WHERE …;
三 更新数据UPDATE
语法：
UPDATE 表名 SET
字段1=值1,
字段2=值2,
WHERE CONDITION;
示例：
UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’)
where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
四 删除数据DELETE
语法：
DELETE FROM 表名
WHERE CONITION;
示例：
DELETE FROM mysql.user
WHERE password=’’;
练习：
更新MySQL root用户密码为mysql123
删除除从本地登录的root用户以外的所有用户
五 查询数据SELECT
mysql五-1:单表查询
一 介绍
本节内容:
查询语法
关键字的执行优先级
简单查询
单条件查询:WHERE
分组查询:GROUP BY
HAVING
查询排序:ORDER BY
限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
使用聚合函数查询
使用正则表达式查询
company.employee
员工id id int
姓名 emp_name varchar
性别 sex enum
年龄 age int
入职日期 hire_date date
岗位 post varchar
职位描述 post_comment varchar
薪水 salary double
办公室 office int
部门编号 depart_id int
#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);
#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | |
| hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | |
| post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
| salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | |
| office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),
('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),
('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;
二 查询语法
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
WHERE 条件
GROUP BY field
HAVING 筛选
ORDER BY field
LIMIT 限制条数
三 关键字的执行优先级(重点)
重点中的重点：关键字的执行优先级 from where group by having select distinct order by limit
1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.如果有聚合函数，则将组进行聚合
5.将4的结果过滤：having
6.查出结果：select
7.去重
8.将6的结果按条件排序：order by
9.将7的结果限制显示条数
详细见：http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7372774.html
四 简单查询
#简单查询
SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id
FROM employee;
SELECT * FROM employee;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee;
#避免重复DISTINCT
SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;
#通过四则运算查询
SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;
#定义显示格式
CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary
FROM employee;
小练习：
1 查出所有员工的名字，薪资,格式为
<名字:egon> <薪资:3000>
2 查出所有的岗位（去掉重复）
3 查出所有员工名字，以及他们的年薪,年薪的字段名为annual_year
View Code 五 WHERE约束
强调：where是一种约束条件，mysql会拿着where指定的条件去表中取数据，而having则是在取出数据后进行过滤
where字句中可以使用：
1. 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
pattern可以是%或_，
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符
5. 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not
#1:单条件查询
SELECT name FROM employee
WHERE post='sale';
#2:多条件查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
#3:关键字BETWEEN AND
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee
WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null
ps：
执行
update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
再用上条查看，就会有结果了
#5:关键字IN集合查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
通配符’%’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';
通配符’_’
SELECT * FROM employee
WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
小练习：
1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄 2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄 3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息 5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资 7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪
select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';
六 分组查询:GROUP BY
大前提：可以按照任意字段分组,但分完组后，只能查看分组的那个字段，要想取的组内的其他字段信息，需要借助函数
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
注意：我们按照post字段分组，那么select查询的字段只能是post，想要获取组内的其他相关信息，需要借助函数
GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组，并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组，并查看每个组有多少人
强调：
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据，则每一条记录自成一组，这种分组没有意义 多条记录之间的某个字段值相同，该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
!!!MySQL 5.7默认ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY语义介绍 小练习：
1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字 2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数 3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数 4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资 5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资 6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资 7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资
#题1：分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post | group_concat(name) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁 |
| sale | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 |
| teacher | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
#题目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation | 5 |
| sale | 5 |
| teacher | 7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
#题目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male | 10 |
| female | 8 |
+--------+-----------+
#题目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| sale | 2600.294000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 20000.00 |
| sale | 4000.33 |
| teacher | 1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation | 10000.13 |
| sale | 1000.37 |
| teacher | 2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex | avg(salary) |
+--------+---------------+
| male | 110920.077000 |
| female | 7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+
七 使用聚合函数查询
先from找到表
再用where的条件约束去表中取出记录
然后进行分组group by，没有分组则默认一组
然后进行聚合
最后select出结果
示例：
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
八 HAVING过滤
HAVING与WHERE在语法上是一样的
select * from employee where salary > 10000; select * from employee having salary > 10000;
HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!
#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > 聚合函数 > having #1. Where 是一个约束声明，使用Where约束来自数据库的数据，Where是在结果返回之前起作用的（先找到表，按照where的约束条件，从表(文件)中取出数据），Where中不能使用聚合函数。 #2. Having是一个过滤声明，是在查询返回结果集以后对查询结果进行的过滤操作（先找到表，按照where的约束条件，从表(文件)中取出数据，然后group by分组，如果没有group by则所有记录整体为一组，然后执行聚合函数，然后使用having对聚合的结果进行过滤），在Having中可以使用聚合函数。 #3. having可以放到group by之后，而where只能放到group by之前 #4. 在查询过程中聚合语句(sum,min,max,avg,count)要比having子句优先执行。而where子句在查询过程中执行优先级高于聚合语句。
验证不同之处
#验证之前再次强调：执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > 聚合函数 > having select count(id) from employee where salary > 10000; #正确，分析：where先执行，后执行聚合count(id),然后select出结果 select count(id) from employee having salary > 10000;#错误，分析：先执行聚合count(id)，后执行having过滤，无法对id进行salary>10000的过滤 #以上两条sql的顺序是 1:找到表employee--->用where过滤---->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)--->select执行查看组内id数目 2:找到表employee--->没有分组则默认一组执行聚合count(id)---->having 基于上一步聚合的结果（此时只有count(id)字段了）进行salary>10000的过滤，很明显，根本无法获取到salary字段
其他需要注意的问题
select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000;#错误，分组后无法直接取到salary字段 select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
小练习：
1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资 4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
#题1：
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | egon | 1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
#题目2：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
#题目3：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
九 查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee
ORDER BY age,
salary DESC;
小练习：
1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序 2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列 3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
#题目1
mysql> select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;
#题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
#题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post | avg(salary) |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher | 151842.901429 |
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
十 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT
示例：
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
小练习：
1. 分页显示，每页5条
mysql> select * from employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | NULL | 7300.33 | 401 | 1 |
| 2 | alex | male | 78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher | | 1000000.31 | 401 | 1 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher | NULL | 8300.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 4 | yuanhao | male | 73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher | NULL | 3500.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher | NULL | 2100.00 | 401 | 1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL | 9000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 7 | jinxin | male | 18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL | 30000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 8 | 成龙 | male | 48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL | 10000.00 | 401 | 1 |
| 9 | 歪歪 | female | 48 | 2015-03-11 | sale | NULL | 3000.13 | 402 | 2 |
| 10 | 丫丫 | female | 38 | 2010-11-01 | sale | NULL | 2000.35 | 402 | 2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex | age | hire_date | post | post_comment | salary | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁 | female | 18 | 2011-03-12 | sale | NULL | 1000.37 | 402 | 2 |
| 12 | 星星 | female | 18 | 2016-05-13 | sale | NULL | 3000.29 | 402 | 2 |
| 13 | 格格 | female | 28 | 2017-01-27 | sale | NULL | 4000.33 | 402 | 2 |
| 14 | 张野 | male | 28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL | 10000.13 | 403 | 3 |
| 15 | 程咬金 | male | 18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL | 20000.00 | 403 | 3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
十一 使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
小结：对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
小练习：
查看所有员工中名字是jin开头，n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';
实例：
1 简单查询 select * from employee; select name,salary from employee; 2 where条件 select name,salary from employee where salary > 10000; select name,salary from employee where salary > 10000 and salary < 20000; select name,salary from employee where salary between 10000 and 20000; select name,salary from employee where salary not between 10000 and 20000; select name,salary from employee where salary = 10000 or salary = 20000 or salary = 30000; select name,salary from employee where salary in (10000,20000,30000); select * from employee where salary = 10000 or age = 18 or sex='male'; select * from employee where post_comment is Null; select * from employee where post_comment = Null; select * from employee where post_comment is not Null; select * from employee where name like '%n%'; select * from employee where name like 'e__n'; 3 group by分组 mysql> select depart_id,group_concat(name) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | depart_id | group_concat(name) | +-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | egon,alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙 | | 2 | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格 | | 3 | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁 | +-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,count(id) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+-----------+ | depart_id | count(id) | +-----------+-----------+ | 1 | 8 | | 2 | 5 | | 3 | 5 | +-----------+-----------+ 3 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> select depart_id,group_concat(id) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+------------------+ | depart_id | group_concat(id) | +-----------+------------------+ | 1 | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 | | 2 | 9,10,11,12,13 | | 3 | 14,15,16,17,18 | +-----------+------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,count(id) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+-----------+ | depart_id | count(id) | +-----------+-----------+ | 1 | 8 | | 2 | 5 | | 3 | 5 | +-----------+-----------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,max(salary) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+-------------+ | depart_id | max(salary) | +-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 1000000.31 | | 2 | 4000.33 | | 3 | 20000.00 | +-----------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,min(salary) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+-------------+ | depart_id | min(salary) | +-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 2100.00 | | 2 | 1000.37 | | 3 | 10000.13 | +-----------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,sum(salary) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+-------------+ | depart_id | sum(salary) | +-----------+-------------+ | 1 | 1070200.64 | | 2 | 13001.47 | | 3 | 84000.13 | +-----------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select depart_id,avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id; +-----------+---------------+ | depart_id | avg(salary) | +-----------+---------------+ | 1 | 133775.080000 | | 2 | 2600.294000 | | 3 | 16800.026000 | +-----------+---------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql五-2:多表查询
一 介绍
本节主题
多表连接查询
复合条件连接查询
子查询
准备表
company.employee
company.department
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20)
);
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);
#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');
insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('liwenzhou','male',18,200),
('jingliyang','female',18,204)
;
#查看表结构和数据
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | NO | | male | |
| age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id | name |
+------+--------------+
| 200 | 技术 |
| 201 | 人力资源 |
| 202 | 销售 |
| 203 | 运营 |
+------+--------------+
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
二 多表连接查询
#重点：外链接语法
SELECT 字段列表
FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
1 交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技术 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 销售 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 运营 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技术 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 运营 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 销售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 运营 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技术 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 运营 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
2 内连接：只连接匹配的行
#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果 #department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 销售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 18 | male | 技术 | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同于 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
3 外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录
#以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工 #本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+------------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+------------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 6 | jingliyang | NULL | +----+------------+--------------+
4 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录
#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门 #本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+-----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技术 | | 2 | alex | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 销售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 技术 | | NULL | NULL | 运营 | +------+-----------+--------------+
5 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录
全外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果 #注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN #强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接 select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; #查看结果 +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技术 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力资源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 销售 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 运营 | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ #注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录
三 符合条件连接查询
#示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出公司所有部门中年龄大于25岁的员工
select employee.name,employee.age from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25;
#示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
四 子查询
#1：子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。 #2：内层查询语句的查询结果，可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。 #3：子查询中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字 #4：还可以包含比较运算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1 带IN关键字的子查询
#查询employee表，但dep_id必须在department表中出现过
select * from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department);
2 带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name='技术');
#查看不足1人的部门名
select name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);
3 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时，内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时，外层查询语句将进行查询；当返回值为False时，外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
#department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
五 综合练习
init.sql文件内容
/*
数据导入：
Navicat Premium Data Transfer
Source Server : localhost
Source Server Type : MySQL
Source Server Version : 50624
Source Host : localhost
Source Database : sqlexam
Target Server Type : MySQL
Target Server Version : 50624
File Encoding : utf-8
Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM
*/
SET NAMES utf8;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `class`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;
CREATE TABLE `class` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of `class`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `class` VALUES ('1', '三年二班'), ('2', '三年三班'), ('3', '一年二班'), ('4', '二年九班');
COMMIT;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `course`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
`cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
`teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cid`),
KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of `course`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `course` VALUES ('1', '生物', '1'), ('2', '物理', '2'), ('3', '体育', '3'), ('4', '美术', '2');
COMMIT;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for `score`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;
CREATE TABLE `score` (
`sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`num` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`),
KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`),
CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of `score`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `score` VALUES ('1', '1', '1', '10'), ('2', '1', '2', '9'), ('5', '1', '4', '66'), ('6', '2', '1', '8'), ('8', '2', '3', '68'), ('9', '2', '4', '99'), ('10', '3', '1', '77'), ('11', '3', '2', '66'), ('12', '3', '3', '87'), ('13', '3', '4', '99'), ('14', '4', '1',