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  • asyncio并发编程

    asyncio 是干什么的?

    • 异步网络操作
    • 并发
    • 协程

    python3.0时代,标准库里的异步网络模块:select(非常底层) python3.0时代,第三方异步网络库:Tornado python3.4时代,asyncio:支持TCP,子进程

    现在的asyncio,有了很多的模块已经在支持:aiohttp,aiodns,aioredis等等 https://github.com/aio-libs 这里列出了已经支持的内容,并在持续更新

    当然到目前为止实现协程的不仅仅只有asyncio,tornado和gevent都实现了类似功能

    关于asyncio的一些关键字的说明:

    • event_loop 事件循环:程序开启一个无限循环,把一些函数注册到事件循环上,当满足事件发生的时候,调用相应的协程函数

    • coroutine 协程:协程对象,指一个使用async关键字定义的函数,它的调用不会立即执行函数,而是会返回一个协程对象。协程对象需要注册到事件循环,由事件循环调用。

    • task 任务:一个协程对象就是一个原生可以挂起的函数,任务则是对协程进一步封装,其中包含了任务的各种状态

    • future: 代表将来执行或没有执行的任务的结果。它和task上没有本质上的区别

    • async/await 关键字:python3.5用于定义协程的关键字,async定义一个协程,await用于挂起阻塞的异步调用接口。

    看了上面这些关键字,你可能扭头就走了,其实一开始了解和研究asyncio这个模块有种抵触,自己也不知道为啥,这也导致很长一段时间,这个模块自己也基本就没有关注和使用,但是随着工作上用python遇到各种性能问题的时候,自己告诉自己还是要好好学习学习这个模块。

     一概述:

      1、事件循环+回调(驱动生成器)+epoll(IO多路复用)

      2、asyncio是Python用于解决异步io编程的一套解决方案

      3、基于异步io实现的库(或框架)tornado、gevent、twisted(scrapy,django、channels)

      4、torando(实现web服务器),django+flask(uwsgi,gunicorn+nginx)

      5、tornado可以直接部署,nginx+tornado

    二、事件循环

    案例一: 

    #使用asyncio
    import asyncio
    import time
    
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url")
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        print("end get url")
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        # 执行单个协程
        # loop.run_until_complete(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))
        # 批量执行任务
        # 创建任务列表
        tasks = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(10)]
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
        loop.close()
        print("执行事件:{}".format(time.time() - start_time))

    1、asyncio.ensure_future()等价于loop.create_task

    2、taskfuture的一个子类

    3、一个线程只有一个event loop

    4、asyncio.ensure_future()虽然没有传loop但是源码里做了get_event_loop()操作从而实现了与loop的关联,会将任务注册到任务队列里

    import asyncio
    import time
    from functools import partial
    
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url")
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        print("end get url")
        return "bobby"
    
    # 【注意】传参url必须放在前面(第一个形参)
    def callback(url,future):
        print("执行完任务后执行;url={}".format(url))
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        # 获取future,如果是单个task或者future则直接作为参数,如果是列表,则需要加asyncio.wait
    
        task = asyncio.ensure_future(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))
        # task = loop.create_task(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))
    
        # 执行完task后再执行的回调函数
        # task.add_done_callback(callback)
    
        # 传递回调函数参数
        task.add_done_callback(partial(callback,"http://www.imooc.com"))
    
        loop.run_until_complete(task)
        print("执行事件:{}".format(time.time() - start_time))
        print(task.result())
        loop.close()

    5、waitgather的区别:

      a)wait是等待所有任务执行完成后才会执行下面的代码【loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))

      b)gather更加高层(height-level)

        1、可以分组

      

    #使用asyncio
    import asyncio
    import time
    
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url={}".format(url))
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        print("end get url")
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        # 执行单个协程
        # loop.run_until_complete(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))
    
        # 批量执行任务,创建任务列表
        tasks = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(10)]
        # loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
    
        # gather实现跟wait一样的功能,但是切记前面有*
        # loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
    
        # 分组实现
        # 第一种实现
        # group1 = [get_html("http://www.projectedu.com") for i in range(2)]
        # group2 = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(2)]
        # loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*group1,*group2))
    
        # 第二种实现
        group1 = [get_html("http://www.projectedu.com") for i in range(2)]
        group2 = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(2)]
        group1 = asyncio.gather(*group1)
        group2 = asyncio.gather(*group2)
    
        # 任务取消
        # group2.cancel()
        
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(group1,group2))
    
        loop.close()
        print("执行事件:{}".format(time.time() - start_time))

     6、loop.run_forever()

    # 1. loop会被放在future中
    # 2. 取消future(task)
    # 
    import asyncio
    import time
    
    async def get_html(sleep_times):
        print("waiting")
        await asyncio.sleep(sleep_times)
        print("done after {}s".format(sleep_times))
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        task1 = get_html(2)
        task2 = get_html(3)
        task3 = get_html(3)
    
        tasks = [task1,task2,task3]
    
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    
        try:
            loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
        except KeyboardInterrupt as e:
            all_tasks = asyncio.Task.all_tasks()
            for task in all_tasks:
                print("cancel task")
                print(task.cancel())
            loop.stop()
            # 如果去掉这句则会抛异常
            loop.run_forever()
        finally:
            loop.close()

    7、协程里调用协程:

    import asyncio
    
    async def compute(x, y):
        print("Compute %s + %s..." %(x, y))
        await asyncio.sleep(1.0)
        return x+y
    
    async def print_sum(x, y):
        result = await compute(x, y)
        print("%s + %s = %s" % (x, y, result))
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2))
    loop.close()

      

    8、call_soon,call_at,call_later,call_soon_threadsafe 

    import asyncio
    import time
    
    def callback(sleep_times):
        # time.sleep(sleep_times)
        print("sleep {} success".format(sleep_times))
    
    # 停止掉当前的loop
    def stoploop(loop):
        loop.stop()
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        # 在任务队列中即可执行
    
        # 第一个参数是几秒钟执行函数,第二参数为函数名,第三参数是是实参
        # call_later内部也是调用call_at方法
        # loop.call_later(2, callback, 2)
        # loop.call_later(1, callback, 1)
        # loop.call_later(3, callback, 3)
    
        # call_at 第一个参数是loop里的当前时间+隔多少秒执行,并不是系统时间
        now = loop.time()
        print(now)
        loop.call_at(now+2, callback, 2)
        loop.call_at(now+1, callback, 1)
        loop.call_at(now+3, callback, 3)
    
        # call_soon比call_later先执行
        loop.call_soon(callback, 4)
    
        # loop.call_soon(stoploop, loop)
        # 因为不是协程,所有不能使用loop.run_until_complete(),所以使用run_forever,一直执行队列里的任务
        loop.run_forever()

    9、通过ThreadPoolExecutor(线程池)方式转换成协程方式来调用阻塞方式【跟单独利用线程池执行差不多,没有提高多少的效率】

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # @File  : thread_asyncio.py
    # @Author: Liugp
    # @Date  : 2019/6/8
    # @Desc  :
    import time
    import asyncio
    from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
    import socket
    from urllib.parse import urlparse
    
    def get_url(url):
        # 通过socke请求html
        url = urlparse(url)
        host = url.netloc
        path = url.path
        if path == "":
            path = "/"
    
        # 建立socket链接
        client =socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        # client.setblocking(False)
        client.connect((host,80)) # 阻塞不会消耗CPU
    
        # 不停的询问链接是否建立好,需要while循环不停的去检查状态
        # 做计算任务或者再次发起其他的连接请求
    
        client.send("GET {} HTTP/1.1
    Host:{}
    Connection:close
    
    ".format(path,host).encode('utf8'))
    
        data = b""
        while True:
            d = client.recv(1024)
            if d:
                data += d
            else:
                break
    
        data = data.decode('utf8')
        # print(data)
        html_data = data.split("
    
    ")[1]
        print(html_data)
        client.close()
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        # 线程池
        executor = ThreadPoolExecutor()
        tasks = []
        for url in range(20):
            url = "http://shop.projectsedu.com/goods/{}/".format(url)
            # 把线程里的future包装成协程里的future,所以才能使用协程的方式实现
            task = loop.run_in_executor(executor,get_url,url)
            tasks.append(task)
    
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
        print("last time:{}".format(time.time()-start_time))

    10、asyncio模拟http请求:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # @File  : asyncio_http.py
    # @Author: Liugp
    # @Date  : 2019/6/8
    # @Desc  :
    #asyncio 没有提供http协议的接口,只是提供了更底层的TCP,UDP接口;但是可以使用aiohttp
    
    import time
    import asyncio
    from urllib.parse import urlparse
    
    async def get_url(url):
        # 通过socke请求html
        url = urlparse(url)
        host = url.netloc
        path = url.path
        if path == "":
            path = "/"
    
        reader,writer = await asyncio.open_connection(host,80)
        writer.write("GET {} HTTP/1.1
    Host:{}
    Connection:close
    
    ".format(path,host).encode('utf8'))
        all_lines = []
        async for raw_line in reader:
            data = raw_line.decode("utf8")
            all_lines.append(data)
    
        html = "
    ".join(all_lines)
        return html
    
    async def main():
        tasks = []
        for url in range(20):
            url = "http://shop.projectsedu.com/goods/{}/".format(url)
            tasks.append(asyncio.ensure_future(get_url(url)))
        for task in asyncio.as_completed(tasks):
            result = await task
            print(result.split("
    
    ")[10])
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        loop.run_until_complete(main())
        print("last time:{}".format(time.time()-start_time))

    11、futuretask

      a)task会启动一个协程,会调用send(None)或者next()

      b)task是future的子类

      c)协程里的future更线程池里的future差不多;但是协程里是有区别的,就是会调用call_soon(),因为协程是单线程的,只是把callback放到loop队列里执行的,而线程则是直接执行代码

      d)task是future和协程的桥梁

      e)task还有就是等到抛出StopInteration时将value设置到result里面来【self.set_result(exc.value)

    12、asyncio同步与通信:

    # 如果没有await操作会顺序执行,也就是说,一个任务执行完后才会执行下一个,但是不是按task顺序执行的,顺序不定
    import asyncio
    import time
    
    total = 0
    
    async def add():
        global total
        for i in range(5):
            print("执行add:{}".format(i))
            total += 1
    
    async def desc():
        global total
        for i in range(5):
            print("执行desc:{}".format(i))
            total -= 1
    
    async def desc2():
        global total
        for i in range(5):
            print("执行desc2:{}".format(i))
            total -= 1
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        tasks = [desc(),add(),desc2()]
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
        print("最后结果:{}".format(total))
    
    # 执行结果如下
    """
    执行add:0
    执行add:1
    执行add:2
    执行add:3
    执行add:4
    执行desc:0
    执行desc:1
    执行desc:2
    执行desc:3
    执行desc:4
    执行desc2:0
    执行desc2:1
    执行desc2:2
    执行desc2:3
    执行desc2:4
    最后结果:-5
    """

      a)asyncio锁机制(from asyncio import Lock

    import asyncio
    from asyncio import Lock,Queue
    import aiohttp
    
    cache = {}
    lock = Lock()
    queue = Queue()
    
    async def get_stuff(url="http://www.baidu.com"):
        # await lock.acquire()
        # with await lock:
        # 利用锁机制达到同步的机制,防止重复发请求
        async with lock:
            if url in cache:
                return cache[url]
            stuff = await aiohttp.request('GET',url)
            cache[url] = stuff
            return stuff
    
    async def parse_stuff():
        stuff = await get_stuff()
    
    async def use_stuff():
        stuff = await get_stuff()
    
    tasks = [parse_stuff(),use_stuff()]
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
    loop.close()

     13、不同线程的事件循环

    很多时候,我们的事件循环用于注册协程,而有的协程需要动态的添加到事件循环中。一个简单的方式就是使用多线程。当前线程创建一个事件循环,然后在新建一个线程,在新线程中启动事件循环。当前线程不会被block

    import asyncio
    from threading import Thread
    import time
    
    now = lambda :time.time()
    
    def start_loop(loop):
        asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
        loop.run_forever()
    
    def more_work(x):
        print('More work {}'.format(x))
        time.sleep(x)
        print('Finished more work {}'.format(x))
    
    start = now()
    new_loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
    t = Thread(target=start_loop, args=(new_loop,))
    t.start()
    print('TIME: {}'.format(time.time() - start))
    
    new_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(more_work, 6)
    new_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(more_work, 3)

    14、aiohttp实现高并发编程:

    import asyncio
    import re
    
    import aiohttp
    import aiomysql
    from pyquery import PyQuery
    
    stopping = False
    start_url = "http://www.jobbole.com/"
    waitting_urls = []
    seen_urls = set()
    
    # 控制并发数
    sem = asyncio.Semaphore(1)
    
    async def fetch(url, session):
        async with sem:
            try:
                async with session.get(url) as resp:
                    print("url status:{}".format(resp.status))
                    if resp.status in [200,201]:
                        data = await resp.text()
                        return data
            except Exception as e:
                print(e)
    
    def extract_urls(html):
        urls = []
        pq = PyQuery(html)
        for link in pq.items("a"):
            url = link.attr("href")
            if url and url.startswith("http") and url not in seen_urls:
                urls.append(url)
                waitting_urls.append(url)
        return urls
    
    async def init_urls(url, session):
        html = await fetch(url,session)
        seen_urls.add(url)
        extract_urls(html)
    
    async def article_handler(url, session, pool):
        # 获取文章详情并解析入库
        html = await fetch(url, session)
        seen_urls.add(url)
        extract_urls(html)
        pq = PyQuery(html)
        title = pq("title").text()
        async with pool.acquire() as conn:
            async with conn.cursor() as cur:
                await cur.execute("SELECT 42;")
                insert_sql = "insert into article_test (title) values ('{}')".format(title)
                await cur.execute(insert_sql)
    
    async def consumer(pool):
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            while not stopping:
                if 0 == len(waitting_urls):
                    await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
                    continue
    
                url = waitting_urls.pop()
                print("start get url:{}".format(url))
                if re.match("http://.*?jobbole.com/d+/", url):
                    if url not in seen_urls:
                        asyncio.ensure_future(article_handler(url,session,pool))
                    else:
                        if url not in seen_urls:
                            asyncio.ensure_future(init_urls(url,session))
    
    async def main(loop):
        # 等待mysql连接建立好
        # 注意charset最好设置,要不然有中文时可能会不添加数据,还有autocommit也最好设置True
        pool = await aiomysql.create_pool(host='127.0.0.1',port=3306,
                                          user='root',password='',
                                          db='aiomysql_test',loop=loop,
                                          charset="utf8",autocommit=True
                                          )
    
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            html = await fetch(start_url, session)
            seen_urls.add(start_url)
            seen_urls.add(html)
    
        asyncio.ensure_future(consumer(pool))
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        asyncio.ensure_future(main(loop))
        loop.run_forever()

     15、aiohttp + 优先级队列的使用

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    # @File  : aiohttp_queue.py
    # @Author: Liugp
    # @Date  : 2019/7/4
    # @Desc  :
    import asyncio
    import random
    import aiohttp
    
    
    NUMBERS = random.sample(range(100), 7)
    URL = 'http://httpbin.org/get?a={}'
    sema = asyncio.Semaphore(3)
    
    
    async def fetch_async(a):
        async with aiohttp.request('GET', URL.format(a)) as r:
            data = await r.json()
        return data['args']['a']
    
    
    async def collect_result(a):
        with (await sema):
            return await fetch_async(a)
    
    async def produce(queue):
        for num in NUMBERS:
            print(f'producing {num}')
            item = (num, num)
            await queue.put(item)
    
    
    async def consume(queue):
        while 1:
            item = await queue.get()
            num = item[0]
            rs = await collect_result(num)
            print(f'consuming {rs}...')
            queue.task_done()
    
    
    async def run():
        queue = asyncio.PriorityQueue()
        consumer = asyncio.ensure_future(consume(queue))
        await produce(queue)
        await queue.join()
        consumer.cancel()
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        loop.run_until_complete(run())
        loop.close()

     

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/liugp/p/10991680.html
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