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a <- c(1, 3, 4, 7, 9) sum_a = 0 for (i in 1:length(a)) { sum_a = sum_a + a[i] } mean_a = sum_a / length(a) va = 0 for (i in 1:length(a)) { va = va + (a[i] - mean_a) * (a[i] - mean_a) } s2 = va / (length(a) - 1) sda = sqrt(s2) s2 var(a) sda sd(a)