python自动化开发-[第二十三天]-初识爬虫

今日概要：

　　1、爬汽车之家的新闻资讯

　　2、爬github和chouti

　　3、requests和beautifulsoup

　　4、轮询和长轮询

　　5、django request.POST和request.body

一、HTTP知识扫盲

　　1、http的get请求 是没有请求体,所有的参数都放在请求头的url里

　　2、http的post请求 将请求内容放到请求体里

　　3、http = 请求头+请求体 响应头+响应体 

　　4、http是无状态请求,一个请求，一次响应就会结束

二、爬取汽车之家的新闻页

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup


response = requests.get('http://www.autohome.com.cn/news')
response.encoding = 'gbk' #汽车之家的中文是gbk编码
# print(response.text)

soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,'html.parser')

tag = soup.find(name='div',attrs={'id':'auto-channel-lazyload-article'})

li_list = tag.find_all('li')


for li in li_list:

    if li.find(name='h3'):
        print(li.find(name='h3').text)

2.1爬取鲜花网

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup


response = requests.get('http://www.hua.com/aiqingxianhua/')


root = BeautifulSoup(response.text,'html.parser') #实例化soup对象

#通过.进行查找,所有的标签都为对象
div_list = root.find_all(attrs={"class":"grid-item"})


for div in div_list:
    img_dir = div.find(name='img').get('src')
    title = div.find(name='span',attrs={"class":"product-title"})
    price = div.find(name='span',attrs={"class":"price-num"})

    print(img_dir,title.text,price.text)

'''

//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012247.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/幸福的约定-苏醒玫瑰33枝、紫罗兰、银叶菊 339
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012246.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/邻家女孩-红玫瑰33枝、红色小雏菊 296
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9010011.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/一心一意-玫瑰11枝，粉色勿忘我0.3扎 126
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012011.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/阳光海岸-19枝香槟玫瑰 218
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9010966.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/一往情深-精品玫瑰礼盒:19枝红玫瑰，勿忘我适量 235
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012042.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/热恋-红玫瑰50枝 359
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012041.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/浪漫缤纷-戴安娜粉玫瑰50枝 359
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012175.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/月光女神-白玫瑰11枝，绿色桔梗5枝，小菊3枝，白色石竹梅4枝 228
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9010947.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/真爱如初-雪山玫瑰11枝、深紫色勿忘我0.3扎 186
//img01.hua.com/uploadpic/newpic/9012177.jpg_220x240.jpg 鲜花/不变的承诺-99枝红玫瑰 519
'''

　　

三、爬取gitlab和chouti的新闻页

 github自动登录

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

r1 = requests.get(url='https://github.com/login')

b1 = BeautifulSoup(r1.text,'html.parser')

auth_token = b1.find(attrs={'name':'authenticity_token'}).get('value')
r1_cookies_data = r1.cookies.get_dict()

print(auth_token)

r2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data={
    "commit": "Sign in",
    "utf8": '✓',
    "authenticity_token": auth_token,
    "login": "xxxx",
    "password": "xxxx",
},
                   cookies=r1_cookies_data)


r2_cookies_data  = r2.cookies.get_dict()

print(r1_cookies_data)
print(r2_cookies_data)

all_cookies = {}

all_cookies.update(r1_cookies_data)
all_cookies.update(r2_cookies_data)

#github直接用带token之后的cookies就行
r3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/emails',cookies=r2_cookies_data)
print(r3.text)

登录抽屉并自动点赞

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests

r1 = requests.get(url='http://dig.chouti.com/')

r1_cookies_data = r1.cookies.get_dict()


r2 = requests.post('http://dig.chouti.com/login',data={'phone':'xxx',"password":"xxx","oneMonth":1}

                   ,cookies=r1_cookies_data)


r2_cookies_data  = r2.cookies.get_dict()

print(r1_cookies_data)
print(r2_cookies_data)

all_cookies = {}

all_cookies.update(r1_cookies_data)
all_cookies.update(r2_cookies_data)


'''
session_id 在第一次请求
{'JSESSIONID': 'aaaIZQdBA4siraQ2m0t8v', 'route': '0c5178ac241ad1c9437c2aafd89a0e50', 'gpsd': 'dd55c4cda0a45f6bc3274a79a7e50316'}
{'puid': '417d102e3c72e88cd6003bc984c569b4', 'gpid': '4c91ec17bd8340bdb75116916e19bc20'}


'''

r3 = requests.post('http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=14708906',cookies=r1_cookies_data)
print(r3.text)

'''
{"result":{"code":"9999", "message":"推荐成功", "data":{"jid":"cdu_50096919787","likedTime":"1508043437615000","lvCount":"6","nick":"congratula","uvCount":"3","voteTime":"小于1分钟前"}}}


'''

 注意:有的登录页面,登录的时候不一定会给cookie,需要get一次才给cookie,而登录的时候仅仅是授权,get的时候的cookie,这样就不需要带第二次的cookie去请求

四、轮询和长轮询　　

1. 轮询：客户端定时向服务器发送Ajax请求，服务器接到请求后马上返回响应信息并关闭连接。
   优点：后端程序编写比较容易。
   缺点：请求中有大半是无用，浪费带宽和服务器资源。
   实例：适于小型应用。

2. 长轮询：客户端向服务器发送Ajax请求，服务器接到请求后hold住连接，直到有新消息才返回响应信息并关闭连接，客户端处理完响应信息后再向服务器发送新的请求，服务器端会设置超时时间,当出现超时的时候，服务端会断开链接，客户端会再次请求服务端hold住
   优点：在无消息的情况下不会频繁的请求。
   缺点：服务器hold连接会消耗资源。
   实例：WebQQ、Hi网页版、Facebook IM。

　　另外，对于长连接和socket连接也有区分：

1. 长连接：在页面里嵌入一个隐蔵iframe，将这个隐蔵iframe的src属性设为对一个长连接的请求，服务器端就能源源不断地往客户端输入数据。
   优点：消息即时到达，不发无用请求。
   缺点：服务器维护一个长连接会增加开销。
   实例：Gmail聊天

五、requests的用法

　　1、GET请求：　　　　

requests.get(url="http://www.oldboyedu.com")
# data="http GET / http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

"

requests.get(url="http://www.oldboyedu.com/index.html?p=1")
# data="http GET /index.html?p=1 http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

"

requests.get(url="http://www.oldboyedu.com/index.html",params={'p':1})
# data="http GET /index.html?p=1 http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

"

　　2、POST请求：

requests.post(url="http://www.oldboyedu.com",data={'name':'alex','age':18}) # 默认请求头：application/x-www-form-urlencoded
data="http POST / http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

name=alex&age=18"


requests.post(url="http://www.oldboyedu.com",json={'name':'alex','age':18}) # 默认请求头：application/json
data="http POST / http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

{"name": "alex", "age": 18}"


requests.post(
	url="http://www.oldboyedu.com",
	params={'p':1},
	json={'name':'alex','age':18}
) # 默认请求头：application/json

data="http POST /?p=1 http1.1
host:oldboyedu.com
....

{"name": "alex", "age": 18}"

　3、更多参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

参数列表

　　verify一般和cert合着用

def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})


def param_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)


def param_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # } #元祖里套元祖
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
    #一些非form表单，浏览器自带的认证框,它们都是通过固定的算法得出来的,可以用这个去认证
    #r.headers['Authorization'] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password) 查看源码

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # 设置超时时间
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)
    # 设置超时时间和断开时间
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    #比如访问一个网站redirect另外一个地址,这次http请求是有返回值的,allow_redirects可以设置是否跳转到新的地址,重新发请求
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
    # 设置代理,可以设置很多
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    # 设置需要认证的代理
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream():
    #将一个大的数据比如30g,进行分段传输
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    #建议刚开始 别使用,能记录cookie等内容 不必每次都去 取
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)

 六、beautifulsoup

　　　　BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，然后将其进行格式化，之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。 

　　　　soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml") #会以xml格式解析,需要额外安装lxml，比html.parser节省资源

使用示例：　　

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
    ...
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

　　 1. name，标签名称

# tag = soup.find('a')
# name = tag.name # 获取
# print(name)
# tag.name = 'span' # 设置
# print(soup)

　　2. attr，标签属性

# tag = soup.find('a')
# attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取 结果是一个集合
# print(attrs)
# tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置
# tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置
# print(soup)

　　3. children,所有子标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.children

　　4. children,所有子子孙孙标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.descendants

　　5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空（保留标签名）

# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.clear()
# print(soup)

　　6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签,(自己也会删除)

# body = soup.find('body')
# body.decompose()
# print(soup)

　　7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签，并获取删除的标签(类似于dict里的pop)

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.extract()
# print(soup)

　　8. decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode_contents（不含当前标签） (将标签对象转换为格式)

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.decode()
# v = body.decode_contents()
# print(v)

　　9. encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode_contents（不含当前标签）

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.encode()
# v = body.encode_contents()
# print(v)

 　　10. find,获取匹配的第一个标签

# tag = soup.find('a')
# print(tag)
# tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tag)

　　11. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签 class是类变量  可以用class_ 去代替

# tags = soup.find_all('a')
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tags)
 
 
# ####### 列表 #######
# v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])
# print(v, type(v[0]))
 
 
# v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
 
# ####### 正则 #######
import re
# rep = re.compile('p')
# rep = re.compile('^p')
# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile('sister.*')
# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')
# v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
# print(v)
 
# ####### 方法筛选 #######
# def func(tag):
# return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')
# v = soup.find_all(name=func)
# print(v)
 
 
# ## get,获取标签属性
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.get('id')
# print(v)

　　12. has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.has_attr('id')
# print(v)

　　13. get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
    <a id='a1'>123</a>
</body>
</html>
"""

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

tag = soup.find('a')
v = tag.get_text('id')
print(v)

　　14. index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))
# print(v)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# for i,v in enumerate(tag):
# print(i,v)

　　15. is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签，

　　　　判断是否是如下标签：'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

# tag = soup.find('br')
# v = tag.is_empty_element
# print(v)

　　16. 当前的关联标签

#from bs4.element import  Tag

# soup.next #查该标签内部子代
# soup.next_element 
# soup.next_elements #递归查找子代
# soup.next_sibling 
# soup.next_siblings #只查下面的
 
#
# tag.previous #查标签外部
# tag.previous_element
# tag.previous_elements
# tag.previous_sibling #查兄弟标签
# tag.previous_siblings #只向上查找
 
#
# tag.parent #查父亲
# tag.parents

　　17. 查找某标签的关联标签

# tag.find_next(...)  #可以加条件筛选
# tag.find_all_next(...)
# tag.find_next_sibling(...)
# tag.find_next_siblings(...)
 
# tag.find_previous(...)
# tag.find_all_previous(...)
# tag.find_previous_sibling(...)
# tag.find_previous_siblings(...)
 
# tag.find_parent(...)
# tag.find_parents(...)
 
# 参数同find_all

　　18. select,select_one, CSS选择器

soup.select("title")
 
soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")
 
soup.select("body a")
 
soup.select("html head title")
 
tag = soup.select("span,a")
 
soup.select("head > title")
 
soup.select("p > a")
 
soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")
 
soup.select("p > #link1")
 
soup.select("body > a")
 
soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")
 
soup.select("#link1 + .sister")
 
soup.select(".sister")
 
soup.select("[class~=sister]")
 
soup.select("#link1")
 
soup.select("a#link2")
 
soup.select('a[href]')
 
soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
 
soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')
 
soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')
 
soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')
 
 
from bs4.element import Tag
 
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
    for child in tag.descendants:
        if not isinstance(child, Tag):
            continue
        if not child.has_attr('href'):
            continue
        yield child
 
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)
print(type(tags), tags)
 
from bs4.element import Tag
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
    for child in tag.descendants:
        if not isinstance(child, Tag):
            continue
        if not child.has_attr('href'):
            continue
        yield child
 
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)
print(type(tags), tags)

　　19. 标签的内容

# tag = soup.find('span')
# print(tag.string)          # 获取
# tag.string = 'new content' # 设置
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# print(tag.string)
# tag.string = 'xxx'
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.stripped_strings  # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本
# print(v)

　　string和text的区别:

　　　　1.string 可以赋值，text不可以

               2.string 这个类型<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>   text是这个类型 <class 'str'>

　　20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(soup.find('a'))
# print(soup)
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(obj)
# print(soup)

　　21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.insert(2, obj)
# print(soup)

　　22. insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# # tag.insert_before(obj)
# tag.insert_after(obj)
# print(soup)

　　23. replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('div')
# tag.replace_with(obj)
# print(soup)

 　 24. 创建标签之间的关系(非常规思维,创建的关系在soup里是无法看到的)

# tag = soup.find('div')
# a = soup.find('a')
# tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)
# print(tag.previous_sibling)

　  25. wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'
#
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(obj1)
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))
# print(soup)

　  26. unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签

# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.unwrap()
# print(soup)

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