tcpdump
Table of Contents
1 tcpdump
工作中离不开它，而且经常有很多过滤选项都还不是很清楚，如果能精确地对条件进行过滤的话，工作的效率就会提高很多。
这就好比用一个很高效的编辑器一样。比如vim, emacs.
2 Basic syntax :
2.1 Filtering hosts :
# Match any traffic involving 192.168.1.1 as destination or source tcpdump -i eth1 host 192.168.1.1
# As soure only tcpdump -i eth1 src host 192.168.1.1
# As destination only tcpdump -i eth1 dst host 192.168.1.1
2.2 Filtering ports :
# Match any traffic involving port 25 as source or destination tcpdump -i eth1 port 25
# Source tcpdump -i eth1 src port 25
2.3 Destination
tcpdump -i eth1 dst port 25
2.4 Network filtering
tcpdump -i eth1 net 192.168 tcpdump -i eth1 src net 192.168 tcpdump -i eth1 dst net 192.168
2.5 Protocol filtering
tcpdump -i eth1 arp tcpdump -i eth1 ip tcpdump -i eth1 tcp tcpdump -i eth1 udp tcpdump -i eth1 icmp
2.6 Let's combine expressions
#Negation : ! or "not" (without the quotes) #Concatanate : && or "and" #Alternate : || or "or" # This rule will match any TCP traffic on port 80 (web) with 192.168.1.254 or 192.168.1.200 as destination host tcpdump -i eth1 '((tcp) and (port 80) and ((dst host 192.168.1.254) or (dst host 192.168.1.200)))' # Will match any ICMP traffic involving the destination with physical/MAC address 00:01:02:03:04:05 tcpdump -i eth1 '((icmp) and ((ether dst host 00:01:02:03:04:05)))' # Will match any traffic for the destination network 192.168 except destination host 192.168.1.200 tcpdump -i eth1 '((tcp) and ((dst net 192.168) and (not dst host 192.168.1.200)))'
2.7 Advanced header filtering :
Before we continue, we need to know how to filter out info from headers
proto[x:y] : will start filtering from byte x for y bytes. ip[2:2] would filter bytes 3 and 4 (first byte begins by 0)
proto[x:y] & z = 0 : will match bits set to 0 when applying mask z to proto[x:y]
proto[x:y] & z !=0 : some bits are set when applying mask z to proto[x:y]
proto[x:y] & z = z : every bits are set to z when applying mask z to proto[x:y]
proto[x:y] = z : p[x:y] has exactly the bits set to z
Operators : >, <, >=, <=, =, !=
This may not be clear in the first place but you'll find examples below involving these.
Of course, it is important to know what the protocol headers look like before diving into more advanced filters.
IP header
---------
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Time to Live | Protocol | Header Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options | Padding | <-- optional
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DATA ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
I'll consider we are only working with the IPv4 protocol suite for these examples.
In an ideal world, every field would fit inside one byte. This is not the case, of course.
Are IP options set ?
--------------------
Let's say we want to know if the IP header has options set. We can't just try to filter out the 21st byte
because if no options are set, data start at the 21st byte. We know a "normal" header is usually 20 bytes
(160 bits) long. With options set, the header is longer than that. The IP header has the header
length field which we will filter here to know if the header is longer than 20 bytes.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Version| IHL |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Usually the first byte has a value of 01000101 in binary.
Anyhow, we need to divide the first byte in half...
0100 = 4 in decimal. This is the IP version.
0101 = 5 in decimal. This is the number of blocks of 32 bits in the headers. 5 x 32 bits = 160 bits or 20 bytes.
The second half of the first byte would be bigger than 5 if the header had IP options set.
We have two ways of dealing with that kind of filters.
1. Either try to match a value bigger than 01000101. This would trigger matches for IPv4 traffic with IP options set,
but ALSO any IPv6 traffic !
In decimal 01000101 equals 69.
Let's recap how to calculate in decimal.
0 : 0 \
1 : 2^6 = 64 \ First field (IP version)
0 : 0 /
0 : 0 /
-
0 : 0 \
1 : 2^2 = 4 \ Second field (Header length)
0 : 0 /
1 : 2^0 = 1 /
64 + 4 + 1 = 69
The first field in the IP header would usually have a decimal value of 69.
If we had IP options set, we would probably have 01000110 (IPv4 = 4 + header = 6), which in decimal equals 70.
#This rule should do the job : tcpdump -i eth1 'ip[0] > 69'
Somehow, the proper way is to mask the first half/field of the first byte, because as mentionned earlier, this filter would match any IPv6 traffic.
3 The proper way : masking the first half of the byte
0100 0101 : 1st byte originally 0000 1111 : mask (0x0f in hex or 15 in decimal). 0 will mask the values while 1 will keep the values intact. ========= 0000 0101 : final result
The correct filter :
or
DF bit (don't fragment) set ?
Let's now trying to know if we have fragmentation occuring, which is not desirable. Fragmentation occurs when a the MTU of the sender is bigger than the path MTU on the path to destination.
Fragmentation info can be found in the 7th and 8th byte of the IP header.
| Flags | Fragment Offset |
|---|
Bit 0: reserved, must be zero Bit 1: (DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment. Bit 2: (MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments.
The fragment offset field is only used when fragmentation occurs.
If we want to match the DF bit (don't fragment bit, to avoid IP fragmentation) :
The 7th byte would have a value of : 01000000 or 64 in decimal
Matching fragmentation ?
- Matching MF (more fragment set) ? This would match the fragmented datagrams but wouldn't match the last fragment (which has the 2nd bit set to 0).
The last fragment have the first 3 bits set to 0… but has data in the fragment offset field.
- Matching the fragments and the last fragments
A bit of explanations : "ip[6:2] > 0" would return anything with a value of at least 1 We don't want datagrams with the DF bit set though.. the reason of the "not ip1 = 64"
If you want to test fragmentation use something like : ping -M want -s 3000 192.168.1.1
Matching datagrams with low TTL
The TTL field is located in the 9th byte and fits perfectly into 1 byte. The maximum decimal value of the TTL field is thus 255 (11111111 in binary).
This can be verified : $ ping -M want -s 3000 -t 256 192.168.1.200 ping: ttl 256 out of range
| Time to Live |
|---|
We can try to find if someone on our network is using traceroute by using something like this on the gateway :
Matching packets longer than X bytes
Where X is 600 bytes
More IP filtering
We could imagine filtering source and destination addresses directly in decimal addressing. We could also match the protocol by filtering the 10th byte.
It would be pointless anyhow, because tcpdump makes it already easy to filter out that kind of info.
TCP header
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
| Source Port | Destination Port | ||||||||||
| Sequence Number | |||||||||||
| Acknowledgment Number | |||||||||||
|
Data Offset |
Res. |
C W R |
E C E |
U R G |
A C K |
P S H |
R S T |
S Y N |
F I N |
Window |
|
| Checksum | Urgent Pointer | ||||||||||
| Options | Padding | ||||||||||
| data | |||||||||||
- Matching any TCP traffic with a source port > 1024
- Matching TCP traffic with particular flag combinations
The flags are defined in the 14th byte of the TCP header.
| C W R |
E C E |
U R G |
A C K |
P S H |
R S T |
S Y N |
F I N |
|---|
In the TCP 3-way handshakes, the exchange between hosts goes like this :
- Source sends SYN
- Destination answers with SYN, ACK
- Source sends ACK
- If we want to match packets with only the SYN flag set, the 14th byte would have a binary value of 00000010 which equals 2 in decimal.
- Matching SYN, ACK (00010010 or 18 in decimal)
- Matching either SYN only or SYN-ACK datagrams
We used a mask here. It will returns anything with the ACK bit set (thus the SYN-ACK combination as well)
Let's assume the following examples (SYN-ACK)
00010010 : SYN-ACK packet 00000010 : mask (2 in decimal)
00000010 : result (2 in decimal)
Every bits of the mask match !
- Matching PSH-ACK packets
- Matching any combination containing FIN (FIN usually always comes with an ACK so we either need to use a mask or match the combination ACK-FIN)
- Matching RST flag
By looking at the TCP state machine diagram (
)
we can find the different flag combinations we may want to analyze.
Ideally, a socket in ACK_WAIT mode should not have to send a RST. It means the 3 way handshake has not completed. We may want to analyze that kind of traffic.
Matching SMTP data :
I will make a filter that will match any packet containing the "MAIL" command from SMTP exchanges.
I use something like http://www.easycalculation.com/ascii-hex.php to convert values from ASCII to hexadecimal.
"MAIL" in hex is 0x4d41494c
The rule would be :
It will check the bytes 21 to 24. "MAIL" is 4 bytes/32 bits long..
This rule would not match packets with IP options set.
This is an example of packet (a spam, of course) :
Capturing on eth0 Frame 1 (92 bytes on wire, 92 bytes captured) Arrival Time: Sep 25, 2007 00:06:10.875424000 [Time delta from previous packet: 0.000000000 seconds] [Time since reference or first frame: 0.000000000 seconds] Frame Number: 1 Packet Length: 92 bytes Capture Length: 92 bytes [Frame is marked: False] [Protocols in frame: eth:ip:tcp:smtp] Ethernet II, Src: Cisco_X (00:11:5c:X), Dst: 3Com_X (00:04:75:X) Destination: 3Com_X (00:04:75:X) Address: 3Com_X (00:04:75:X) …. …0 …. …. …. …. = IG bit: Individual address (unicast) …. ..0. …. …. …. …. = LG bit: Globally unique address (factory default) Source: Cisco_X (00:11:5c:X) Address: Cisco_X (00:11:5c:X) …. …0 …. …. …. …. = IG bit: Individual address (unicast) …. ..0. …. …. …. …. = LG bit: Globally unique address (factory default) Type: IP (0x0800) Internet Protocol, Src: 62.163.X (62.163.X), Dst: 192.168.X (192.168.X) Version: 4 Header length: 20 bytes Differentiated Services Field: 0x00 (DSCP 0x00: Default; ECN: 0x00) 0000 00.. = Differentiated Services Codepoint: Default (0x00) …. ..0. = ECN-Capable Transport (ECT): 0 …. …0 = ECN-CE: 0 Total Length: 78 Identification: 0x4078 (16504) Flags: 0x04 (Don't Fragment) 0… = Reserved bit: Not set .1.. = Don't fragment: Set ..0. = More fragments: Not set Fragment offset: 0 Time to live: 118 Protocol: TCP (0x06) Header checksum: 0x08cb [correct] [Good: True] [Bad : False] Source: 62.163.X (62.163.X) Destination: 192.168.X (192.168.XX) Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 4760 (4760), Dst Port: smtp (25), Seq: 0, Ack: 0, Len: 38 Source port: 4760 (4760) Destination port: smtp (25) Sequence number: 0 (relative sequence number) [Next sequence number: 38 (relative sequence number)] Acknowledgement number: 0 (relative ack number) Header length: 20 bytes Flags: 0x18 (PSH, ACK) 0… …. = Congestion Window Reduced (CWR): Not set .0.. …. = ECN-Echo: Not set ..0. …. = Urgent: Not set …1 …. = Acknowledgment: Set …. 1… = Push: Set …. .0.. = Reset: Not set …. ..0. = Syn: Not set …. …0 = Fin: Not set Window size: 17375 Checksum: 0x6320 [correct] [Good Checksum: True] [Bad Checksum: False] Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Command: MAIL FROM:<wguthrie_at_mysickworld–dot–com>\r\n Command: MAIL Request parameter: FROM:<wguthrie_at_mysickworld–dot–com>
Matching HTTP data :
Let's make a filter that will find any packets containing GET requests The HTTP request will begin by :
GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n (16 bytes counting the carriage return but not the backslashes !)
If no IP options are set.. the GET command will use the byte 20, 21 and 22 Usually, options will take 12 bytes (12nd byte indicates the header length, which should report 32 bytes). So we should match bytes 32, 33 and 34 (1st byte = byte 0).
Tcpdump is only able to match data size of either 1, 2 or 4 bytes, we will take the following ASCII character following the GET command (a space)
"GET " in hex : 47455420
Matching other interesting TCP things :
SSH connection (on any port) : We will be looking for the reply given by the SSH server. OpenSSH usually replies with something like "SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_3.6.1p2". The first 4 bytes (SSH-) have an hex value of 0x5353482D.
If we want to find any connection made to older version of OpenSSH (version 1, which are insecure and subject to MITM attacks) : The reply from the server would be something like "SSH-1.99.."
UDP header
0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
|
Source Port |
Destination Port |
| Length | Checksum |
| DATA ... | |
Nothing really interesting here.
If we want to filter ports we would use something like :
ICMP header
See different ICMP messages :
We will usually filter the type (1 byte) and code (1 byte) of the ICMP messages.
Here are common ICMP types :
0 Echo Reply [RFC792] 3 Destination Unreachable [RFC792] 4 Source Quench [RFC792] 5 Redirect [RFC792] 8 Echo [RFC792] 11 Time Exceeded [RFC792]
We may want to filter ICMP messages type 4, these kind of messages are sent in case of congestion of the network.
If we want to find the ICMP echo replies only, having an ID of 500. By looking at the image with all the ICMP packet description we see the ICMP echo reply have the ID spread across the 5th and 6th byte. For some reason, we have to filter out with the value in hex.
The end ? Please send more useful recipes !
Footnotes:
1 DEFINITION NOT FOUND: 6