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  • Linux LVM 逻辑卷管理

    CentOS-Logo

    使用Linux好久了,一定会意识到一个问题,某个分区容量不够用了,想要扩容怎么办?这里就涉及到LVM逻辑卷的管理了,可以动态调整Linux分区容量。


    LVM 概述

    全称Logical Volume Manager,可以动态调整磁盘容量,提高磁盘管理灵活性。

    在安装CentOS 7的过程中选择自动分区时,默认就是以LVM的方案安装的系统。

    但是/boot分区必须独立出来,不能基于LVM创建。

    PV 物理卷

    物理卷,Physical Volume,是LVM机制的基本存储设备,通常对应一个普通分区或是整个硬盘。

    创建物理卷时,会在分区或磁盘头部创建一个用于记录LVM属性的保留区块,并把存储空间分割成默认大小为4MB的基本单元(Physical Extend,PE),从而构成物理卷。

    普通分区先转换分区类型为8e;整块硬盘,可以将所有的空间划分为一个主分区再做调整。

    VG 卷组

    卷组,Volume Group,是由一个或多个物理卷组成的一个整体。可以动态添加、移除物理卷,创建时可以指定PE大小。

    LV 逻辑卷

    逻辑卷,Logical Volume,建立在卷组之上,与物理卷没有直接关系。格式化后,即可挂载使用。

    三者关系

    关系图

    通过以上对三者的解释可以看出,建立LVM的过程。首先,将普通分区或整个硬盘创建为物理卷;然后,将一个或多个物理卷创建为卷组;最后,在卷组上分割不同的数据存储空间形成逻辑卷。有了逻辑卷,就可以格式化、挂载使用了。


    LVM 管理

    LVM 常用命令

    功能 PV 管理命令 VG 管理命令 LV 管理命令
    Scan(扫描) pvscan vgscan lvscan
    Create(建立) pvcreate vgcreate lvcreate
    Display(显示) pvdisplay vgdisplay lvdisplay
    Remove(移除) pvremove vgremove lvremove
    Extend(扩展) / vgextend lvextend
    Reduce(减少) / vgreduce lvreduce

    PV 管理

    pvsacn

    • 扫描列出系统中所有的物理卷

    -e:仅显示属于输出卷组的物理卷
    -n:仅显示不属于任何卷组的物理卷

    [root@localhost ~]# pvscan
      PV /dev/sda2   VG centos          lvm2 [<19.00 GiB / 0    free]
      PV /dev/sdb1                      lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
      PV /dev/sdc1                      lvm2 [<20.00 GiB]
      Total: 3 [58.99 GiB] / in use: 1 [<19.00 GiB] / in no VG: 2 [<40.00 GiB]
    

    pvcreate

    • 将分区或整个硬盘转换成物理卷
    [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}1
      Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
      Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
    

    pvdisplay

    • 显示物理卷的详细信息
    [root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay
      --- Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sda2
      VG Name               centos
      PV Size               <19.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
      Allocatable           yes (but full)
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              4863
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          4863
      PV UUID               E4eovQ-CgPo-OSDK-75MO-BfD8-pGsP-BUlqip
    
      "/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "<20.00 GiB"
      --- NEW Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sdb1
      VG Name
      PV Size               <20.00 GiB
      Allocatable           NO
      PE Size               0
      Total PE              0
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          0
      PV UUID               gR5mm3-f50o-XLTq-34GY-n6Iz-WXkQ-uMZAkJ
    
      "/dev/sdc1" is a new physical volume of "<20.00 GiB"
      --- NEW Physical volume ---
      PV Name               /dev/sdc1
      VG Name
      PV Size               <20.00 GiB
      Allocatable           NO
      PE Size               0
      Total PE              0
      Free PE               0
      Allocated PE          0
      PV UUID               O2gKxa-ONts-kyXK-zZrO-3dDg-FhtI-V6GPy9
    

    pvremove

    • 删除指定的物理卷,还原成普通分区或磁盘

    TIPS:只有不属于卷组的物理卷才可以删除还原。

    [root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/sdd1
      Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully wiped.
    

    VG 管理

    vgscan

    • 扫描系统中已建立的LVM卷组
    [root@localhost ~]# vgscan
      Reading volume groups from cache.
      Found volume group "class" using metadata type lvm2
      Found volume group "centos" using metadata type lvm2
    

    vgcreate

    • 将一个或多个物理卷创建为一个卷组

    -l:卷组上允许创建的最大逻辑卷数
    -p:卷组中允许添加的最大物理卷数
    -s:卷组上的物理卷的PE大小

    [root@localhost ~]# vgcreate class /dev/sd{b,c}1
      Volume group "class" successfully created
    

    vgdisplay

    • 显示系统中各卷组的详细信息
    [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               class
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        2
      Metadata Sequence No  1
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                0
      Open LV               0
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                2
      Act PV                2
      VG Size               39.99 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              10238
      Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
      Free  PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
      VG UUID               ZtQvGX-YOdy-U8wj-mGQs-TT1e-1PBR-dBNKAG
    
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               centos
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        1
      Metadata Sequence No  3
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                2
      Open LV               2
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                1
      Act PV                1
      VG Size               <19.00 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              4863
      Alloc PE / Size       4863 / <19.00 GiB
      Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
      VG UUID               bLPJGb-SQQ3-KcUb-OSdo-qaMR-9hJE-MTkc7a
    

    vgremove

    • 删除指定的卷组

    TIPS:卷组下面的逻辑卷没有被挂载使用,卷组删除时会一并删除下面的逻辑卷。

    [root@localhost ~]# vgremove class
      Volume group "class" successfully removed
    

    vgextend

    • 添加新的物理卷,动态扩展卷组的磁盘空间
    [root@localhost ~]# vgextend class /dev/sdd1
      Volume group "class" successfully extended
    

    vgreduce

    • 删除卷组中的物理卷,减少卷组容量,

    -a:如果命令行中没有指定要删除的物理卷,则删除所有的空物理卷。(all)

    TIPS:删除啊前确保对应的物理卷没有在使用,就是下面没有逻辑卷,否则删除不了。

    [root@localhost ~]# vgreduce class /dev/sdd1
      Removed "/dev/sdd1" from volume group "class"
    
    [root@localhost ~]# vgreduce -a class
      Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" still in use
      Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" still in use
      Removed "/dev/sdd1" from volume group "class"
    

    LV 管理

    lvscan

    • 扫描系统中已建立的LVM逻辑卷
    [root@localhost ~]# lvscan
      ACTIVE            '/dev/class/stu01' [25.00 GiB] inherit
      ACTIVE            '/dev/class/stu02' [14.99 GiB] inherit
      ACTIVE            '/dev/centos/swap' [2.00 GiB] inherit
      ACTIVE            '/dev/centos/root' [<17.00 GiB] inherit
    

    lvcreate

    • 从指定的卷组中分割空间,创建新的逻辑卷

    -L:指定逻辑卷的大小,单位为KMGT
    -l:指定百分比创建,如50%vg卷组的一半空间、100%free所有剩下的。
    -n:指定逻辑卷的名称

    [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 15G -n stu01 class
      Logical volume "stu01" created.
    
    [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 100%free -n stu02 class
      Logical volume "stu02" created.
    

    lvdisplay

    • 显示逻辑卷的详细信息
    [root@localhost ~]# lvdisplay
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Path                /dev/class/stu01
      LV Name                stu01
      VG Name                class
      LV UUID                XUP7dq-IM9f-PdKk-XpDH-J1hx-kkuB-cOu3Qx
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-08-24 09:42:35 +0800
      LV Status              available
      # open                 0
      LV Size                25.00 GiB
      Current LE             6400
      Segments               2
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     8192
      Block device           253:2
    
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Path                /dev/class/stu02
      LV Name                stu02
      VG Name                class
      LV UUID                P7iMC1-X0oT-6TCH-vLYj-HW2j-6QMu-rS7Jyp
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-08-24 09:59:30 +0800
      LV Status              available
      # open                 0
      LV Size                14.99 GiB
      Current LE             3838
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     8192
      Block device           253:3
    
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Path                /dev/centos/swap
      LV Name                swap
      VG Name                centos
      LV UUID                NXiaXT-T6yv-ktM2-plyS-j6Hg-hkvu-1JQ2eL
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Creation host, time localhost, 2019-08-16 17:12:19 +0800
      LV Status              available
      # open                 2
      LV Size                2.00 GiB
      Current LE             512
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     8192
      Block device           253:1
    
      --- Logical volume ---
      LV Path                /dev/centos/root
      LV Name                root
      VG Name                centos
      LV UUID                7FnsfT-B8xi-3vgu-8N0k-nzNn-8Rra-eoE4iC
      LV Write Access        read/write
      LV Creation host, time localhost, 2019-08-16 17:12:19 +0800
      LV Status              available
      # open                 1
      LV Size                <17.00 GiB
      Current LE             4351
      Segments               1
      Allocation             inherit
      Read ahead sectors     auto
      - currently set to     8192
      Block device           253:0
    

    lvremove

    • 删除指定的逻辑卷

    TIPS:备份数据,解挂载,删除。

    [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu02/
    [root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/class/stu02
    

    lvextend

    • 动态扩展LVM逻辑卷的空间大小

    -L:指定扩展逻辑卷的大小,单位为KMGT
    -l:指定百分比扩建,如100%free所有剩下的。

    [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu01
    [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu02
    

    TIPS:已挂载,使用在线调整大小,xfs使用xfs_growfsext4使用resize2fs

    [root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/class/stu01
    [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02
    

    lvreduce

    • 减少LVM逻辑卷的空间大小,

    -L:指定逻辑卷的大小,单位为KMGT

    TIPS:对于xfs文件系统,备份数据,解挂载,减少空间,强制格式化,重新挂载。需要注意xfs文件系统只能扩大,不能缩小,非要缩小的话,只有缩小后并强制格式化,但这么做数据就丢失了。

    [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu01/
    [root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L -10G /dev/class/stu01
    [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/class/stu01
    [root@localhost ~]# mount -a
    [root@localhost ~]# df -hT
    

    TIPS:对于ext4这类文件系统,备份数据,解挂载,e2fsck -f检查文件系统完整性,resize2fs设置文件系统大小,lvreduce设置逻辑卷大小,重新挂载。

    [root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt/stu02/
    [root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/class/stu02
    [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02 10G
    [root@localhost ~]# lvreduce -L 10G /dev/class/stu02
    [root@localhost ~]# mount -a
    [root@localhost ~]# df -hT
    

    LVM 实验

    创建 LVM 逻辑卷

    1.添加两块20G的磁盘,重启机器,并对其进行分区,全部空间分为一个主分区,类型改为Linux LVM,ID为8e。分区过程省略,不清楚可参考上一篇博客

    [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sd{b,c} | grep -i "linux lvm"
    /dev/sdb1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
    /dev/sdc1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
    

    2.将/dev/sdb1/dev/sdc1转换为物理卷。

    [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sd{b,c}1
      Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
      Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
    

    3.创建名称为class的卷组,并将sdb1sdc1添加进卷组。

    [root@localhost ~]# vgcreate class /dev/sd{b,c}1
      Volume group "class" successfully created
    

    4.划分大小为15G,名称为stu01的逻辑卷,然后再扩容10G;剩下的空间创建名称为stu02的逻辑卷。

    [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 15G -n stu01 class
      Logical volume "stu01" created.
    [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +10G /dev/class/stu01
      Size of logical volume class/stu01 changed from 15.00 GiB (3840 extents) to 25.00 GiB (6400 extents).
      Logical volume class/stu01 successfully resized.
    
    [root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -l 100%free -n stu02 class
      Logical volume "stu02" created.
    

    5.格式化逻辑卷,stu01xfsstu02ext4,设置自动挂载,挂载后就可以使用了。

    [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/class/stu01
    meta-data=/dev/class/stu01       isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
    
    [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/class/stu02
    mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem label=
    OS type: Linux
    Block size=4096 (log=2)
    Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
    Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
    983040 inodes, 3930112 blocks
    196505 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
    First data block=0
    Maximum filesystem blocks=2151677952
    120 block groups
    32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
    8192 inodes per group
    Superblock backups stored on blocks:
            32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208
    
    Allocating group tables: done
    Writing inode tables: done
    Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
    Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
    
    [root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/stu0{1,2}
    [root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
    //最后面添加下面两行内容
    /dev/class/stu01        /mnt/stu01      xfs     defaults        0 0
    /dev/class/stu02        /mnt/stu02      ext4    defaults        0 0
    
    [root@localhost ~]# mount -a
    [root@localhost ~]# df -hT
    Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        17G  927M   17G   6% /
    devtmpfs                devtmpfs  901M     0  901M   0% /dev
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M  8.7M  904M   1% /run
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  143M  872M  15% /boot
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0
    /dev/mapper/class-stu01 xfs        25G   33M   25G   1% /mnt/stu01
    /dev/mapper/class-stu02 ext4       15G   41M   14G   1% /mnt/stu02
    

    扩容 LVM 逻辑卷

    1.再添加一块20G的磁盘,重启机器,并对其进行分区,全部空间分为一个主分区,类型改为Linux LVM,ID为8e

    [root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sd{b..d} | grep -i "linux lvm"
    /dev/sdb1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
    /dev/sdc1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
    /dev/sdd1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM
    

    2.将/dev/sdd1转换为物理卷。

    [root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdd1
      Physical volume "/dev/sdd1" successfully created.
    

    3.若是卷组剩余空间不够,就要先对class卷组进行扩容。

    [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay class
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               class
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        2
      Metadata Sequence No  6
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                2
      Open LV               2
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                2
      Act PV                2
      VG Size               39.99 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              10238
      Alloc PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
      Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
      VG UUID               iB1h9h-2uQa-rD7o-GBVK-pOCA-ek2c-TXieLr
    
    [root@localhost ~]# vgextend class /dev/sdd1
      Volume group "class" successfully extended
    
    [root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay class
      --- Volume group ---
      VG Name               class
      System ID
      Format                lvm2
      Metadata Areas        3
      Metadata Sequence No  7
      VG Access             read/write
      VG Status             resizable
      MAX LV                0
      Cur LV                2
      Open LV               2
      Max PV                0
      Cur PV                3
      Act PV                3
      VG Size               <59.99 GiB
      PE Size               4.00 MiB
      Total PE              15357
      Alloc PE / Size       10238 / 39.99 GiB
      Free  PE / Size       5119 / <20.00 GiB
      VG UUID               iB1h9h-2uQa-rD7o-GBVK-pOCA-ek2c-TXieLr
    

    4.对stu01stu02都扩容8G,分别使用xfs_growfsresize2fs在线调整大小。

    [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu01
      Size of logical volume class/stu01 changed from 25.00 GiB (6400 extents) to 33.00 GiB (8448 extents).
      Logical volume class/stu01 successfully resized.
    
    [root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L +8G /dev/class/stu02
      Size of logical volume class/stu02 changed from 14.99 GiB (3838 extents) to 22.99 GiB (5886 extents).
      Logical volume class/stu02 successfully resized.
    
    [root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/class/stu01
    meta-data=/dev/mapper/class-stu01 isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
    data blocks changed from 6553600 to 8650752
    
    [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/class/stu02
    resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
    Filesystem at /dev/class/stu02 is mounted on /mnt/stu02; on-line resizing required
    old_desc_blocks = 2, new_desc_blocks = 3
    The filesystem on /dev/class/stu02 is now 6027264 blocks long.
    
    [root@localhost ~]# df -hT
    Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
    /dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        17G  927M   17G   6% /
    devtmpfs                devtmpfs  901M     0  901M   0% /dev
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /dev/shm
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M  8.7M  903M   1% /run
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
    /dev/sda1               xfs      1014M  143M  872M  15% /boot
    /dev/mapper/class-stu01 xfs        33G   33M   33G   1% /mnt/stu01
    /dev/mapper/class-stu02 ext4       23G   44M   22G   1% /mnt/stu02
    tmpfs                   tmpfs     183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0
    

    收缩 LVM 逻辑卷

    关于收缩 LVM 逻辑卷,可以参考上面的命令lvreduce。这会涉及到数据安全性问题,谨慎使用。


    总结

    内容不多,但是还要实际操作才能了解。就是三步走,创建物理卷,创建卷组,创建逻辑卷,然后格式化并挂载使用。扩容的话,没有挂载使用,就正常扩,然后格式化挂载,已经挂载使用了,扩容后在线调整生效。还有下一篇关于磁盘配额。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/llife/p/11404135.html
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