前言
一直想写一篇关于Maven的文章，但是不知如何下笔，如果说能使用，会使用Maven的话，一、两个小时足矣，不需要搞懂各种概念。那么给大家来分享下我是如何理解并使用maven的。
什么是Maven？
Maven是一个用于项目构建的工具，通过它便捷的管理项目的生命周期。即项目的jar包依赖，开发，测试，发布打包，主要管理工作是:依赖管理,项目一键构建。
为什么要使用Maven
- 使用maven构建的项目,整个项目的体积小
- maven项目不需要手动导入jar包，通过在pom.xml中添加依赖，引用依赖会自动从maven仓库下载jar包，方便快捷。
- 项目一键构建:使用maven可以快速地对项目进行编译--测试--运行--打包--安装
- maven支持跨平台操作，可在window、linux、mac上使用
- maven遵循规范开发有利于提高大型团队的开发效率，降低项目的维护成本，属于主流技术，一般公司都会使用maven来构建项目
maven仓库的配置
ps:下载项目引用需要jar包的时候存放的本地路径
仓库的分类
- 本地仓库
- 私服(公司的仓库)
- 中央仓库
三个仓库之间的关系
三者之间的关系是，当我们在项目中依赖一个jar包时，Maven程序会先去本地仓库中找，如果没找到就回去私服找，如果还是没有，最后就回去中央仓库找。其过程如下图：
本地仓库的配置
找到已安装的maven路径，如：apache-maven-3.3.9conf 目录下settings.xml 文件并用notepad++打开，ctrl+F找到localRepository标签，将路径设置为D:/repository，如下图：
说明:什么是本地仓库? 就是是由个人将常用到的jar包放入一个仓库中，已备自己在项目中使用，可从别人配置好的jar包仓库拷到自己本地目录，因为仓库一般很大，首次下载需要很长一段时间。
配置私服地址
实际工作中，很多项目都会用到maven私服仓库，一般公司都有统一的maven私服仓库，由于公司都是统一化管理，这时候我们就要配置统一的私服仓库，举例如下：
<mirrors> <mirror> <!--This is used to direct the public snapshots repo in the profile below over to a different nexus group --> <id>nexus-public-snapshots</id> <mirrorOf>public-snapshots</mirrorOf> <url>http://192.168.1.118:8888/nexus/content/repositories/apache-snapshots/</url> </mirror> <mirror> <!--This sends everything else to /public --> <id>nexus</id> <mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf> <url>http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/</url> </mirror> </mirrors>
pom文件说明
pom.xml文件，一般描述了maven项目的基本信息，比如groupId，artifactId，version等，一个最简单的pom.xml文件至少需要包含四个元素：modelVersion, groupId, artiffactId和version。
比如一个基本的pom.xml文件如下：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <groupId>com.test</groupId> //当前项目的信息 <artifactId>maven-demo</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>//SNAPSHOT（快照）表示该项目还在开发中。 </project>
其中主要的标签含义如下：
project：pom.xml 文件中的顶层元素；
modelVersion：指明 POM 使用的对象模型的版本。这个值很少改动。
groupId：指明创建项目的组织或者小组的唯一标识。
GroupId 是项目的关键标识，典型的，此标识以组织的完全限定名来定义。比如，org.apache.maven.plugins 是所有 Maven 插件项目指定的 groupId。
artifactId：指明此项目产生的主要产品的基本名称。项目的主要产品通常为一个 JAR 文件。第二，象源代码包通常使用 artifactId 作为最后名称的一部分。典型的产品名称使用这个格式：
version：项目产品的版本号。Maven 帮助你管理版本，可以经常看到 SNAPSHOT 这个版本，表明项目处于开发阶段。
在项目中添加插件，以及对插件的配置
<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>//编译插件 <version>2.4.3</version>//插件的版本号 <configuration>//对插件进行配置 <source>1.7</source>//源代码编译版本 <target>1.7</target>//目标平台编译版本； <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>//设置插件或资源文件的编码方式。 </configuration> </plugin> <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>//执行测试用例的插件 <version>2.17</version>//插件的版本号 <configuration>//对插件进行配置 <suiteXmlFiles> <suiteXmlFile>${suiteXmlFile}</suiteXmlFile>//测试套件执行路径 </suiteXmlFiles> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build>
如何在pom文件中添加依赖jar包
实际开发中需要引用jar包后，再进行开发，那么在pom中添加依赖呢?
1、比如我想添加testng.jar包，那么可以通过访问网址 https://mvnrepository.com/ ，然后在搜索框中输入testng,回车
2、点击testng,选择对应版本如6.14.3
3、复制红框中内容，放到dependencies标签内。
在pom中引用完成，并自动下载依赖jar包。
<dependencies> <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.testng/testng --> <dependency> <groupId>org.testng</groupId> <artifactId>testng</artifactId> <version>6.14.3</version> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> </dependencies>
实际效果：
编写一个主类
package com.test.demo;
public class HellowWorld {
public String sayHello() {
return "Hello World";
}
public static void main( String[] args ) {
System.out.println(new HellowWorld().sayHello());
}
}
编写一个测试类
package com.test.demo; import org.testng.Assert; import org.testng.annotations.Test; public class TestHellowWorld { @Test public void testSayHello() { HellowWorld hellowWorld = new HellowWorld(); String result = hellowWorld.sayHello(); Assert.assertEquals("Hello World", result); } }
maven项目的目录结构
F:mavendemo>tree
卷 新加卷 的文件夹 PATH 列表
卷序列号为 5C5B-6DDB
F:.
├─.idea
└─src
├─main
│ ├─java
│ │ └─com
│ │ └─test
│ │ └─demo
│ └─resources
└─test
└─java
└─com
└─test
└─demo
注意上面带红色的目录名，maven项目采用“约定优于配置”的原则，src/main/java约定用于存放源代码，src/main/test用于存放单元测试代码，src/target用于存放编译、打包后的输出文件。这是全世界maven项目的通用约定，请记住这些固定的目录结构。
编译和测试
在项目根目录下运行mvn clean compile命令。执行输出如下所示：
Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo ---
[INFO] Deleting F:mavendemo arget
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Copying 0 resource
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo ---
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo argetclasses
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 1.336 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:33:29+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 13M/309M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
clean：清理输出目录target下生成jar包
compile：编译项目主代码
编译完成后，我们一般都会运行测试代码进行单元测试，虽然很多情况下，我们并没有这么做，但是我还是建议大家通过Maven做一些自动化的单元测试。
测试用例编写完毕之后就可以调用Maven执行测试，运行mvn clean test命令，输出如下：
Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:mavendemotarget [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo argetclasses [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:mavendemosrc estresources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo argettest-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 2.032 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:27:28+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 15M/309M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
打包和运行
打包就是将我们编写的应用打成JAR包或者WAR包，我们执行mvn clean package命令就可以完成打包。mvn clean package命令的输出如下：
Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:mavendemo arget [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo argetclasses [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:mavendemosrc est esources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo arget est-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Surefire report directory: F:mavendemo est-output ------------------------------------------------------- T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------- Running com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Configuring TestNG with: TestNG652Configurator Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.498 sec - in com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Building jar: F:mavendemo argetmaven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 3.356 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T17:46:00+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 17M/311M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
运行完后，会在target目录下生成jar包
如果别的项目要引用这个JAR包时，我们将这个JAR包复制到其它项目的classpath中就OK了。
但是这样拷贝就违背了我们当初想要自动解决依赖的问题，所以如何才能让其它的Maven项目直接引用这个JAR包呢？我们需要执行mvn clean install命令。
Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building maven-demo 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Deleting F:mavendemo arget [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Copying 0 resource [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:compile (default-compile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo argetclasses [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory F:mavendemosrc est esources [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:2.5.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ maven-demo --- [WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to F:mavendemo arget est-classes [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.17:test (default-test) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Surefire report directory: F:mavendemo est-output ------------------------------------------------------- T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------- Running com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Configuring TestNG with: TestNG652Configurator Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.611 sec - in com.test.demo.TestHellowWorld Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Building jar: F:mavendemo argetmaven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ maven-demo --- [INFO] Installing F:mavendemo argetmaven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar to E: epositorycom estmaven-demo1.0-SNAPSHOTmaven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] Installing F:mavendemopom.xml to E: epositorycom estmaven-demo1.0-SNAPSHOTmaven-demo-1.0-SNAPSHOT.pom [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 4.643 s [INFO] Finished at: 2019-06-23T20:39:34+08:00 [INFO] Final Memory: 16M/211M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
使用Archetype生成项目骨架
下面通过用命名行创建一个最基本的maven项目
mvn archetype:generate
先创建项目的根目录，从盘符开始，命令行窗口下输入
mkdir demotest
cd demotest
mvn archetype:generate
首次运行时，mvn会从远程"中央仓库"下载一些必需的文件到"本地仓库" -
如果你有兴趣，可以在等待下载过程中，观察一下"C:Users当前用户名.m2 epository"目录下是不是多了很多文件。
下载完成后，会自动进入交互模式，会让你输入一些基本信息，类似下面这样：
F:demotest>mvn archetype:generate Picked up JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Building Maven Stub Project (No POM) 1 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] [INFO] >>> maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) > generate-sources @ standalone-pom >>> [INFO] [INFO] <<< maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) < generate-sources @ standalone-pom <<< [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-archetype-plugin:3.0.0:generate (default-cli) @ standalone-pom --- Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-artifact-transfer/0.9.0/maven-artifact-transfer-0.9.0.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-artifact-transfer/0.9.0/maven-artifact-transfer-0.9.0.pom (8 KB at 5.4 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-common-artifact-filters/3.0.0/maven-common-artifact-filters-3.0.0.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-common-artifact-filters/3.0.0/maven-common-artifact-filters-3.0.0.pom (5 KB at 10.1 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-shared-components/22/maven-shared-components-22.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/shared/maven-shared-components/22/maven-shared-components-22.pom (5 KB at 11.2 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/2.8/wagon-provider-api-2.8.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/2.8/wagon-provider-api-2.8.pom (2 KB at 3.8 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon/2.8/wagon-2.8.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon/2.8/wagon-2.8.pom (19 KB at 41.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/groovy/groovy/1.8.3/groovy-1.8.3.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/groovy/groovy/1.8.3/groovy-1.8.3.pom (32 KB at 26.9 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/antlr/antlr/2.7.7/antlr-2.7.7.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/antlr/antlr/2.7.7/antlr-2.7.7.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm/3.2/asm-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm/3.2/asm-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-parent/3.2/asm-parent-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-parent/3.2/asm-parent-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-commons/3.2/asm-commons-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-commons/3.2/asm-commons-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-tree/3.2/asm-tree-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-tree/3.2/asm-tree-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-util/3.2/asm-util-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-util/3.2/asm-util-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-analysis/3.2/asm-analysis-3.2.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/asm/asm-analysis/3.2/asm-analysis-3.2.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity-api/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-api-1.0-alpha-6.pom Downloaded: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-interactivity-api/1.0-alpha-6/plexus-interactivity-api-1.0-alpha-6.pom (0 B at 0.0 KB/sec) Downloading: 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执行这个命令后，后看到很多输出，然后再按照提示一步步操作，一个Maven项目就创建成功了。
总结
到此，关于maven的入门基础知识总结完毕，文章知识点相对繁琐、复杂，还请读者多次阅读和实践，如有错误之处，烦请多指正！
参考文章：
https://www.jellythink.com/archives/502
https://www.cnblogs.com/yjmyzz/p/3495762.html