Python—requests模块详解

1、模块说明

requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库。

用python编写。

比urllib2模块更简洁。

Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池，支持使用cookie保持会话，支持文件上传，支持自动响应内容的编码，支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。

在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得人性化，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

现代，国际化，友好。

requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive

2、基础入门

1）导入模块

import requests

2）发送请求的简洁

　　示例代码：获取一个网页（个人github）

import requests

r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求

我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种方法

1   requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json’)                                # GET请求
2   requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”)                                        # POST请求
3   requests.put(“http://httpbin.org/put”)                                          # PUT请求
4   requests.delete(“http://httpbin.org/delete”)                                    # DELETE请求
5   requests.head(“http://httpbin.org/get”)                                         # HEAD请求
6   requests.options(“http://httpbin.org/get” )                                     # OPTIONS请求

3）为url传递参数

>>> url_params = {'key':'value'}       #    字典传递参数，如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中
>>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params)
>>> print(r.url)
　　your url?key=value

4）响应的内容

r.encoding                       #获取当前的编码
r.encoding = 'utf-8'             #设置编码
r.text                           #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体，会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。
r.content                        #以字节形式（二进制）返回。字节方式的响应体，会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。

r.headers                        #以字典对象存储服务器响应头，但是这个字典比较特殊，字典键不区分大小写，若键不存在则返回None

r.status_code                     #响应状态码
r.raw                             #返回原始响应体，也就是 urllib 的 response 对象，使用 r.raw.read()   
r.ok                              # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功
 #*特殊方法*#
r.json()                         #Requests中内置的JSON解码器，以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的，不然解析出错会抛异常
r.raise_for_status()             #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常

post发送json请求：

1 import requests
2 import json
3  
4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'}))
5 print(r.json())

5）定制头和cookie信息

header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
 r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie) 

data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)

6）响应状态码

使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例：当你访问 r.text 之时，会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码，并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。

1 r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
2 print(r.text, '
{}
'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
3 r.encoding = 'GBK'
4 print(r.text, '
{}
'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)

示例代码：

1 import requests
2 
3 r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
4 print(r.status_code)                               # 获取返回状态
5 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求
6 print(r1.url)
7 print(r1.text)        # 打印解码后的返回数据

运行结果：

/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py
200
http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
…………

Process finished with exit code 0

 r.status_code                      #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常

7）响应

r.headers                                  #返回字典类型,头信息
r.requests.headers                         #返回发送到服务器的头信息
r.cookies                                  #返回cookie
r.history                                  #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向

8）超时

r = requests.get('url',timeout=1)           #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效

9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数

s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1') 

10）代理

proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)

汇总：

# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）


#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    

# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)

#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
    
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #读取cookies
    
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)


#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}

# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")

# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示

#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) 
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港

#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）


#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json    

# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)

#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下

# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)

# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
    
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
    
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #读取cookies
    
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies

#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)

#设置访问代理
proxies = {
           "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
           "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
          }
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)


#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/",
}

3、示例代码

GET请求

1 # 1、无参数实例
 2   
 3 import requests
 4   
 5 ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
 6   
 7 print(ret.url)
 8 print(ret.text)
 9   
10   
11   
12 # 2、有参数实例
13   
14 import requests
15   
16 payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
17 ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
18   
19 print(ret.url)
20 print(ret.text)

POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print(ret.text)
  
  
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
  
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
  
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

请求参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

参数列表

请求参数

def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})


def param_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)


def param_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件，定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)

json请求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json


class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
        ''' init '''

if __name__ == '__main__':
    heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    payload = {'CountryName': '中国',
               'ProvinceName': '四川省',
               'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
               'L2CityName': 'yibing',
               'TownName': '',
               'Longitude': '107.33393',
               'Latitude': '33.157131',
               'Language': 'CN'}
    r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
    data = r.json()
    if r.status_code!=200:
        print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code))
    print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID'])  # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
    print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack'])
    print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False))  # 树形打印json，ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicode

Xml请求：

#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests

class url_request():
    def __init__(self):
        """init"""

if __name__ == '__main__':
    heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
    XML = '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"><soap:Body><Request xmlns="http://tempuri.org/"><jme><JobClassFullName>WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS</JobClassFullName><Action>RUN</Action><Param>1</Param><HostIP>127.0.0.1</HostIP><JobInfo>1</JobInfo><NeedParallel>false</NeedParallel></jme></Request></soap:Body></soap:Envelope>'
    url = 'http://jobws.push.mobile.xxxxxxxx.com/RefreshWeiXInTokenJob/RefreshService.asmx'
    r = requests.post(url=url, heards=heards, data=XML)
    data = r.text
    print(data)

状态异常处理

import requests

URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php'  # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
    r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
    r.raise_for_status()  # 如果响应状态码不是 200，就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
    print(e)
else:
    result = r.json()
    print(type(result), result, sep='
')

上传文件

使用request模块，也可以上传文件，文件的类型会自动进行处理：

import requests
 
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))}     #显式的设置文件名
 
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：

import requests
 
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')}     #必需显式的设置文件名
 
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)

6) 身份验证

基本身份认证(HTTP Basic Auth)

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
 
r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'passwd'))
# r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/hidden-basic-auth/user/passwd', auth=('user', 'passwd'))    # 简写
print(r.json())

另一种非常流行的HTTP身份认证形式是摘要式身份认证，Requests对它的支持也是开箱即可用的:

requests.get(URL, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')

Cookies与会话对象

如果某个响应中包含一些Cookie，你可以快速访问它们：

import requests
 
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想发送你的cookies到服务器，可以使用 cookies 参数：

import requests
 
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中规定空格、方括号、圆括号、等于号、逗号、双引号、斜杠、问号、@，冒号，分号等特殊符号都不能作为Cookie的内容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())

会话对象让你能够跨请求保持某些参数，最方便的是在同一个Session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies，且这些都是自动处理的，甚是方便。
下面就来一个真正的实例，如下是快盘签到脚本：

import requests
 
headers = {'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
           'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, compress',
           'Accept-Language': 'en-us;q=0.5,en;q=0.3',
           'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0',
           'Connection': 'keep-alive',
           'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
 
s = requests.Session()
s.headers.update(headers)
# s.auth = ('superuser', '123')
s.get('https://www.kuaipan.cn/account_login.htm')
 
_URL = 'http://www.kuaipan.cn/index.php'
s.post(_URL, params={'ac':'account', 'op':'login'},
       data={'username':'****@foxmail.com', 'userpwd':'********', 'isajax':'yes'})
r = s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'zone', 'op':'taskdetail'})
print(r.json())
s.get(_URL, params={'ac':'common', 'op':'usersign'})

requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例

这是一个基本的文件保存操作，但这里有几个值得注意的问题：

1.安装requests包，命令行输入pip install requests即可自动安装。很多人推荐使用requests，自带的urllib.request也可以抓取网页源码

2.open方法encoding参数设为utf-8，否则保存的文件会出现乱码。

3.如果直接在cmd中输出抓取的内容，会提示各种编码错误，所以保存到文件查看。

4.with open方法是更好的写法，可以自动操作完毕后释放资源

#! /urs/bin/python3
import requests

'''requests模块抓取网页源码并保存到文件示例'''
html = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
with open('test.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
    f.write(html.text)
    
'''读取一个txt文件，每次读取一行，并保存到另一个txt文件中的示例'''
ff = open('testt.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8')
with open('test.txt', encoding="utf-8") as f:
    for line in f:
        ff.write(line)
        ff.close()

因为在命令行中打印每次读取一行的数据，中文会出现编码错误，所以每次读取一行并保存到另一个文件，这样来测试读取是否正常。（注意open的时候制定encoding编码方式）

参考：Python—requests模块详解 - 小L小 - 博客园 (cnblogs.com)