1、背景
在离线环境下（局域网中）的GIS系统中如何使用地图？这里的地图主要指的是地图底图，有了底图切片数据，我们就可以看到地图，在上面加上自己的业务数据图层，进行相关操作。
要在离线环境下看到GIS地图，就要有底图切片数据，地图的底图切片数据在一定时间内是不会变化的，可以使用一些地图下载器下载地图切片，如这个地图下载器。
在CS系统中可以基于GMap.Net来做，参考《百度谷歌离线地图解决方案》。
下面介绍下Web系统如何使用GIS切片数据，开发web GIS系统。
2、使用GeoWebCache发布WMS服务
Geowebcache是基于Java的Web开源项目，主要用于缓存各种WMS数据源的地图瓦片，它实现了多种服务接口，包括WMS-C，WMTS，TMS，KML。
Geowebcache作为一个独立的开源项目，在最近被Geosever的几个版本所集成，主要是对发布的WMS图层建立缓存切片。
服务发布步骤：
1）官网下载 geowebcache-1.8.0-war.zip，直接解压得到geowebcache.war文件，将该文件直接拷贝至tomcat目录下的webapps下即可，启动tomcat会对war包进行解压。
2）修改geowebcache的配置文件geowebcache-core-context.xml。该文件在Tomcat的webappsgeowebcacheWEB-INF下，修改如下：
<bean id="gwcXmlConfig" class="org.geowebcache.config.XMLConfiguration"> <constructor-arg ref="gwcAppCtx" /> <!--<constructor-arg ref="gwcDefaultStorageFinder" />--> <constructor-arg value="D:\GisMap\" /> <!-- By default GWC will look for geowebcache.xml in {GEOWEBCACHE_CACHE_DIR}, if not found will look at GEOSEVER_DATA_DIR/gwc/ alternatively you can specify an absolute or relative path to a directory by replacing the gwcDefaultStorageFinder constructor argument above by the directory path, like constructor-arg value="/etc/geowebcache" --> <property name="template" value="/geowebcache.xml"> <description>Set the location of the template configuration file to copy over to the cache directory if one doesn't already exist. </description> </property> </bean>
修改gwcXmlConfig实例化时使用固定路径，该路径可以为任意新建路径文件夹。Geowebcache启动之后会检查此文件夹下是否存在gewebcache.xml文件，如果不存在则按模板新建立并读取使用，如果存在则直接读取使用。
3）修改第2步中的gewebcache.xml文件：
<layers> <arcgisLayer> <name>ARCGIS-Demo</name> <tilingScheme>D:\GisMap\Layer\conf.xml</tilingScheme> <tileCachePath>D:\GisMap\Layer\_alllayers</tileCachePath> </arcgisLayer> </layers>
在layers节点里添加arcgisLayer节点（默认生成的gewebcache.xml的layers节点有许多其他冗余数据，可删除可保留）。Name节点表示待添加图层的名称（这里配置为ARCGIS-Demo），titlingscheme节点为conf.xml文件的路径，tileCachePath为瓦片数据的路径。
4）瓦片地图的准备
其中conf.xml为配置文件，conf.cdi为显示区域约束文件，_alllayers文件夹下则存放了切片数据，Status.gdb为切片状态情况记录（可直接删除）。
通过瓦片下载器下载瓦片地图，然后生成的切片数据_alllayers文件夹：
L01-L10表示地图缩放级数，按照ArcGIS切片目录组织，切片命名规则也和ArcGIS切片数据命名规则一致。（conf.xml、conf.cdi和_alllayers在同级目录）。
5)启动tomcat，继而启动Geowebcache服务，浏览器访问 localhost:8080/geowebcache，如果一切正确的话可以看到下面的页面
该页面简单说明了Geowebcache的一些情况。
点击“A list of all the layers and automatic demos”连接可以看到下面：
该页面显示了geowebcache.xml配置的图层信息。图中可以看到只配置了一个名字为ARCGIS-Demo的图层，使用的EPSG3857坐标系，发布的图片格式为png格式，点击png链接即可看到瓦片地图。
这里地图显示的级别和坐标系配置都来自conf.xml文件。这里的前端js使用的是Openlayers。查看网页源码：
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head> <meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no"> <title>ARCGIS-Demo EPSG:3857_ARCGIS-Demo image/png</title> <style type="text/css"> body { font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: .8em; } body { border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; } #map { 85%; height: 85%; border: 0px; padding: 0px; } </style> <script src="../openlayers/OpenLayers.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var map, demolayer; // sets the chosen modifiable parameter function setParam(name, value){ str = "demolayer.mergeNewParams({" + name + ": '" + value + "'})" // alert(str); eval(str); } OpenLayers.DOTS_PER_INCH = 96.0; OpenLayers.Util.onImageLoadErrorColor = 'transparent'; function init(){ var mapOptions = { resolutions: [156543.033928, 78271.5169639999, 39135.7584820001, 19567.8792409999, 9783.93962049996, 4891.96981024998, 2445.98490512499, 1222.99245256249, 611.49622628138, 305.748113140558, 152.874056570411, 76.4370282850732, 38.2185141425366, 19.1092570712683, 9.55462853563415, 4.77731426794937, 2.38865713397468, 1.19432856685505, 0.597164283559817, 0.298582141647617], projection: new OpenLayers.Projection('EPSG:3857'), maxExtent: new OpenLayers.Bounds(-20037508.342787,-20037508.342780996,20037508.342780996,20037508.342787), units: "meters", controls: [] }; map = new OpenLayers.Map('map', mapOptions ); map.addControl(new OpenLayers.Control.PanZoomBar({ position: new OpenLayers.Pixel(2, 15) })); map.addControl(new OpenLayers.Control.Navigation()); map.addControl(new OpenLayers.Control.Scale($('scale'))); map.addControl(new OpenLayers.Control.MousePosition({element: $('location')})); demolayer = new OpenLayers.Layer.WMS( "ARCGIS-Demo","../service/wms", {layers: 'ARCGIS-Demo', format: 'image/png' }, { tileSize: new OpenLayers.Size(256,256), tileOrigin: new OpenLayers.LonLat(-2.0037508342787E7, 2.0037508342787E7)}); map.addLayer(demolayer); map.zoomToExtent(new OpenLayers.Bounds(-20037497.2108,-19929239.113399997,20037497.2108,18379686.9965)); // The following is just for GetFeatureInfo, which is not cached. Most people do not need this map.events.register('click', map, function (e) { document.getElementById('nodelist').innerHTML = "Loading... please wait..."; var params = { REQUEST: "GetFeatureInfo", EXCEPTIONS: "application/vnd.ogc.se_xml", BBOX: map.getExtent().toBBOX(), X: e.xy.x, Y: e.xy.y, INFO_FORMAT: 'text/html', QUERY_LAYERS: map.layers[0].params.LAYERS, FEATURE_COUNT: 50, Layers: 'ARCGIS-Demo', Styles: '', Srs: 'EPSG:3857', WIDTH: map.size.w, HEIGHT: map.size.h, format: "image/png" }; OpenLayers.loadURL("../service/wms", params, this, setHTML, setHTML); OpenLayers.Event.stop(e); }); } function setHTML(response){ document.getElementById('nodelist').innerHTML = response.responseText; }; </script> </head> <body onload="init()"> <div id="params"></div> <div id="map"></div> <div id="nodelist"></div> </body> </html>
个人比较喜欢leaflet这个GIS javascript库，使用leaflet加载GeoWebCache发布的这个服务：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Leaflet - Offline Demo</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.0.3/dist/leaflet.css" />
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.0.3/dist/leaflet.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="map" style="height:100vh;" ></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var mapCenter = new L.LatLng(32.1280, 118.7742); //南京
var map = new L.Map('map', {
center : mapCenter,
zoom : 4
});
var wmsLayer = L.tileLayer.wms("http://localhost:8080/geowebcache/service/wms", {
layers: 'ARCGIS-Demo',
format: 'image/png'
});
wmsLayer.addTo(map);
var marker = new L.Marker(mapCenter);
map.addLayer(marker);
marker.bindPopup("<p>Hello! ;}</p>").openPopup();
</script>
</body>
</html>
3、使用自定义的Http服务
GeowebCache本质上就是个Http服务，通过请求参数获取配置文件中的路径中的切片数据，返回给请求方。
我们可以自己写个独立的Http服务，从数据库中读取切片数据返回给请求方。
切片请求地址类似：http://localhost:8899/1818940751/{z}/{x}/{y}
其中“1818940751”是下载器下载的地图类型，z/x/y分别是zoom和地图切片行列号。
前端js使用leaflet加载：
var amapNormalUrl = 'http://localhost:8899/788865972/{z}/{x}/{y}'; var amapNormalLayer = new L.TileLayer(amapNormalUrl, { minZoom : 1, maxZoom : 18, attribution : '高德普通地图' }); var mapCenter = new L.LatLng(32.1280, 118.7742); //南京 var map = new L.Map('map', { center : mapCenter, zoom : 9, minZoom: 1, maxZoom: 18, layers : [ amapNormalLayer ] });
前端js可以自定义投影Projection算法，而国内google地图、高德地图和腾讯地图都是标准的墨卡托投影，可以直接用leaflet加载。
配合一些画图插件，再配合一些后台POI检索服务，如：
则能做出如下效果：
总结：介绍了如何使用下载的离线切片数据在局域网环境下发布Web GIS地图服务，前端配合使用一些js插件，实现web下空间数据的检索。
在Github上开源了一些代码，包含自定义的Http地图服务，和一个简单的页面WebGISDemo。
地址：
https://github.com/luxiaoxun/MapDownloader
https://github.com/luxiaoxun/Code4Java
附件：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <EnvelopeN xsi:type='typens:EnvelopeN' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' xmlns:typens='http://www.esri.com/schemas/ArcGIS/10.1'> <XMin>-20037497.2108</XMin> <YMin>-19929239.113399997</YMin> <XMax>20037497.2108</XMax> <YMax>18379686.9965</YMax> </EnvelopeN>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <CacheInfo xsi:type="typens:CacheInfo" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:typens="http://www.esri.com/schemas/ArcGIS/10.1"> <TileCacheInfo xsi:type="typens:TileCacheInfo"> <SpatialReference xsi:type="typens:ProjectedCoordinateSystem"> <WKT>PROJCS["WGS_1984_Web_Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere",GEOGCS["GCS_WGS_1984",DATUM["D_WGS_1984",SPHEROID["WGS_1984",6378137.0,298.257223563]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0.0],UNIT["Degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Mercator_Auxiliary_Sphere"],PARAMETER["False_Easting",0.0],PARAMETER["False_Northing",0.0],PARAMETER["Central_Meridian",0.0],PARAMETER["Standard_Parallel_1",0.0],PARAMETER["Auxiliary_Sphere_Type",0.0],UNIT["Meter",1.0],AUTHORITY["EPSG",3857]]</WKT> <XOrigin>-20037700</XOrigin> <YOrigin>-30241100</YOrigin> <XYScale>148923141.92838538</XYScale> <ZOrigin>-100000</ZOrigin> <ZScale>10000</ZScale> <MOrigin>-100000</MOrigin> <MScale>10000</MScale> <XYTolerance>0.001</XYTolerance> <ZTolerance>0.001</ZTolerance> <MTolerance>0.001</MTolerance> <HighPrecision>true</HighPrecision> <WKID>3857</WKID> </SpatialReference> <TileOrigin xsi:type="typens:PointN"> <X>-20037508.342787001</X> <Y>20037508.342787001</Y> </TileOrigin> <TileCols>256</TileCols> <TileRows>256</TileRows> <DPI>96</DPI> <LODInfos xsi:type="typens:ArrayOfLODInfo"> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>0</LevelID> <Scale>591657527.591555</Scale> <Resolution>156543.03392799999</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>1</LevelID> <Scale>295828763.79577702</Scale> <Resolution>78271.516963999893</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>2</LevelID> <Scale>147914381.89788899</Scale> <Resolution>39135.758482000099</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>3</LevelID> <Scale>73957190.948944002</Scale> <Resolution>19567.879240999901</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>4</LevelID> <Scale>36978595.474472001</Scale> <Resolution>9783.9396204999593</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>5</LevelID> <Scale>18489297.737236001</Scale> <Resolution>4891.9698102499797</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>6</LevelID> <Scale>9244648.8686180003</Scale> <Resolution>2445.9849051249898</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>7</LevelID> <Scale>4622324.4343090001</Scale> <Resolution>1222.9924525624899</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>8</LevelID> <Scale>2311162.2171550002</Scale> <Resolution>611.49622628138002</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>9</LevelID> <Scale>1155581.108577</Scale> <Resolution>305.74811314055802</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>10</LevelID> <Scale>577790.55428899999</Scale> <Resolution>152.874056570411</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>11</LevelID> <Scale>288895.27714399999</Scale> <Resolution>76.437028285073197</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>12</LevelID> <Scale>144447.638572</Scale> <Resolution>38.218514142536598</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>13</LevelID> <Scale>72223.819285999998</Scale> <Resolution>19.109257071268299</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>14</LevelID> <Scale>36111.909642999999</Scale> <Resolution>9.5546285356341496</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>15</LevelID> <Scale>18055.954822</Scale> <Resolution>4.7773142679493699</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>16</LevelID> <Scale>9027.9774109999998</Scale> <Resolution>2.38865713397468</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>17</LevelID> <Scale>4513.9887049999998</Scale> <Resolution>1.1943285668550501</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>18</LevelID> <Scale>2256.994353</Scale> <Resolution>0.59716428355981699</Resolution> </LODInfo> <LODInfo xsi:type="typens:LODInfo"> <LevelID>19</LevelID> <Scale>1128.4971760000001</Scale> <Resolution>0.29858214164761698</Resolution> </LODInfo> </LODInfos> </TileCacheInfo> <TileImageInfo xsi:type="typens:TileImageInfo"> <CacheTileFormat>PNG</CacheTileFormat> <CompressionQuality>0</CompressionQuality> <Antialiasing>false</Antialiasing> </TileImageInfo> <CacheStorageInfo xsi:type="typens:CacheStorageInfo"> <StorageFormat>esriMapCacheStorageModeExploded</StorageFormat> <PacketSize>0</PacketSize> </CacheStorageInfo> </CacheInfo>
参考：
http://leafletjs.com/
http://leafletjs.com/examples/quick-start/
http://www.cnblogs.com/luxiaoxun/p/4454880.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/luxiaoxun/p/5020247.html