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  • MapReduce的ReduceTask任务的运行源码级分析

      MapReduce的MapTask任务的运行源码级分析 这篇文章好不容易恢复了。。。谢天谢地。。。这篇文章讲了MapTask的执行流程。咱们这一节讲解ReduceTask的执行流程。ReduceTask也有四种任务,可参考前一章节对应的内容,至于Reduce Task要从各个Map Task上读取一片数据,经过排序后,以组为单位交给用户编写的reduce方法,并将结果写入HDFS中。

      MapTask和ReduceTask都是Task的子类,分别对应于我们常说的map和reduce任务。同上一节一样Child类中直接运行的是run方法,ReduceTask.run()方法代码如下:

      1  //ReduceTask.run方法开始和MapTask类似,包括initialize()初始化,根据情况看是否调用runJobCleanupTask(),
      2   //runJobSetupTask(),runTaskCleanupTask()。之后进入正式的工作,主要有这么三个步骤:Copy、Sort、Reduce。
      3   @Override
      4   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      5   public void run(JobConf job, final TaskUmbilicalProtocol umbilical)
      6     throws IOException, InterruptedException, ClassNotFoundException {
      7     this.umbilical = umbilical;
      8     job.setBoolean("mapred.skip.on", isSkipping());
      9     /*添加reduce过程需要经过的几个阶段。以便通知TaskTracker目前运   行的情况*/ 
     10     if (isMapOrReduce()) {
     11       copyPhase = getProgress().addPhase("copy");
     12       sortPhase  = getProgress().addPhase("sort");
     13       reducePhase = getProgress().addPhase("reduce");
     14     }
     15     // start thread that will handle communication with parent
     16  // 设置并启动reporter进程以便和TaskTracker进行交流 
     17     TaskReporter reporter = new TaskReporter(getProgress(), umbilical,
     18         jvmContext);
     19     reporter.startCommunicationThread();
     20     //在job client中初始化job时,默认就是用新的API,详见Job.setUseNewAPI()方法
     21     boolean useNewApi = job.getUseNewReducer();        
     22     /*用来初始化任务,主要是进行一些和任务输出相关的设置,比如创建commiter,设置工作目录等*/ 
     23     initialize(job, getJobID(), reporter, useNewApi);//这里将会处理输出目录
     24     /*以下4个if语句均是根据任务类型的不同进行相应的操作,这些方 法均是Task类的方法,所以与任务是MapTask还是ReduceTask无关*/ 
     25     // check if it is a cleanupJobTask
     26     if (jobCleanup) {
     27       runJobCleanupTask(umbilical, reporter);
     28       return;
     29     }
     30     if (jobSetup) {
     31         //主要是创建工作目录的FileSystem对象
     32       runJobSetupTask(umbilical, reporter);
     33       return;
     34     }
     35     if (taskCleanup) {
     36          //设置任务目前所处的阶段为结束阶段,并且删除工作目录 
     37       runTaskCleanupTask(umbilical, reporter);
     38       return;
     39     }
     40     
     41     // Initialize the codec
     42     codec = initCodec();
     43 
     44     boolean isLocal = "local".equals(job.get("mapred.job.tracker", "local"));  //判断是否是单机hadoop
     45     if (!isLocal) {
     46         //1. Copy.就是从执行各个Map任务的服务器那里,收到map的输出文件。拷贝的任务,是由ReduceTask.ReduceCopier 类来负责。
     47         //ReduceCopier对象负责将Map函数的输出拷贝至Reduce所在机器 
     48       reduceCopier = new ReduceCopier(umbilical, job, reporter);
     49       if (!reduceCopier.fetchOutputs()) {////fetchOutputs函数负责拷贝各个Map函数的输出 
     50         if(reduceCopier.mergeThrowable instanceof FSError) {
     51           throw (FSError)reduceCopier.mergeThrowable;
     52         }
     53         throw new IOException("Task: " + getTaskID() + 
     54             " - The reduce copier failed", reduceCopier.mergeThrowable);
     55       }
     56     }
     57     copyPhase.complete();                         // copy is already complete
     58     setPhase(TaskStatus.Phase.SORT);
     59     statusUpdate(umbilical);
     60 
     61     final FileSystem rfs = FileSystem.getLocal(job).getRaw();
     62     //2.Sort(其实相当于合并).排序工作,就相当于上述排序工作的一个延续。它会在所有的文件都拷贝完毕后进行。
     63     //使用工具类Merger归并所有的文件。经过这一个流程,一个合并了所有所需Map任务输出文件的新文件产生了。
     64     //而那些从其他各个服务器网罗过来的 Map任务输出文件,全部删除了。
     65     
     66     //根据hadoop是否分布式来决定调用哪种排序方式 
     67     RawKeyValueIterator rIter = isLocal
     68       ? Merger.merge(job, rfs, job.getMapOutputKeyClass(),
     69           job.getMapOutputValueClass(), codec, getMapFiles(rfs, true),
     70           !conf.getKeepFailedTaskFiles(), job.getInt("io.sort.factor", 100),
     71           new Path(getTaskID().toString()), job.getOutputKeyComparator(),
     72           reporter, spilledRecordsCounter, null)
     73       : reduceCopier.createKVIterator(job, rfs, reporter);
     74         
     75     // free up the data structures
     76     mapOutputFilesOnDisk.clear();
     77     
     78     sortPhase.complete();                         // sort is complete
     79     setPhase(TaskStatus.Phase.REDUCE); 
     80     statusUpdate(umbilical);
     81     //3.Reduce 1.Reduce任务的最后一个阶段。它会准备好Map的 keyClass("mapred.output.key.class"或"mapred.mapoutput.key.class"), 
     82     //valueClass("mapred.mapoutput.value.class"或"mapred.output.value.class")
     83     //和 Comparator (“mapred.output.value.groupfn.class”或 “mapred.output.key.comparator.class”)
     84     Class keyClass = job.getMapOutputKeyClass();
     85     Class valueClass = job.getMapOutputValueClass();
     86     RawComparator comparator = job.getOutputValueGroupingComparator();
     87     //2.根据参数useNewAPI判断执行runNewReduce还是runOldReduce。分析润runNewReduce
     88     if (useNewApi) {
     89         //3.runNewReducer
     90         //0.像报告进程书写一些信息
     91         //1.获得一个TaskAttemptContext对象。通过这个对象创建reduce、output及用于跟踪的统计output的RecordWrit、最后创建用于收集reduce结果的Context
     92         //2.reducer.run(reducerContext)开始执行reduce
     93       runNewReducer(job, umbilical, reporter, rIter, comparator, 
     94                     keyClass, valueClass);
     95     } else {
     96       runOldReducer(job, umbilical, reporter, rIter, comparator, 
     97                     keyClass, valueClass);
     98     }
     99     done(umbilical, reporter);
    100   }

      (1)reduce分为三个阶段(copy就是远程拷贝Map的输出数据、sort就是对所有的数据做排序、reduce做聚集就是我们自己写的reducer),为这三个阶段分别设置Progress,用来和TaskTracker通信报道状态。

      (2)上面代码的15-40行和MapReduce的MapTask任务的运行源码级分析 中对应部分基本相同,可参考之;

      (3)codec = initCodec()这句是检查map的输出是否是压缩的,压缩的则返回压缩codec实例,否则返回null,这里讨论不压缩的;

      (4)我们讨论完全分布式的hadoop,即isLocal==false,然后构造一个ReduceCopier对象reduceCopier,并调用reduceCopier.fetchOutputs()方法拷贝各个Mapper的输出,到本地;

      (5)然后copy阶段完成,设置接下来的阶段是sort阶段,更新状态信息;

      (6)根据isLocal来选择KV迭代器,完全分布式的会使用reduceCopier.createKVIterator(job, rfs, reporter)作为KV迭代器;

      (7)sort阶段完成,设置接下来的阶段是reduce阶段,更新状态信息;

      (8)然后获取一些配置信息,并根据是否使用新API选择不同的处理方式,这里是新的API,调用runNewReducer(job, umbilical, reporter, rIter, comparator, keyClass, valueClass)会执行reducer;

      (9)done(umbilical, reporter)这个方法用于做结束任务的一些清理工作:更新计数器updateCounters();如果任务需要提交,设置Taks状态为COMMIT_PENDING,并利用TaskUmbilicalProtocol,汇报Task完成,等待提交,然后调用commit提交任务;设置任务结束标志位;结束Reporter通信线程;发送最后一次统计报告(通过sendLastUpdate方法);利用TaskUmbilicalProtocol报告结束状态(通过sendDone方法)。

      有些人将Reduce Task分为了5个阶段:一、shuffle阶段:也称为Copy阶段,就是从各个MapTask上远程拷贝一片数据,如果大小超过一定阈值就写到磁盘,否则放入内存;二、Merge阶段:在远程拷贝数据的同时,Reduce Task启动了两个后台线程对内存和磁盘上的文件进行合并,防止内存使用过多和磁盘文件过多;三、sort阶段:用户编写的reduce方法的输入数据是按key进行聚集的,需要对copy过来的数据排序,这里用的是归并排序,因为Map Task的结果是有序的;四、Reduce阶段:将每组数据依次交给用户编写的Reduce方法处理;五、write阶段:就是将结果写入HDFS。

      上面的5个阶段分的比较细了,代码里分为3个阶段copy、sort、reduce,我们在eclipse运行MR程序时,控制台看到的reduce阶段的百分比就分为3个阶段各占33.3%。

      接下来重点将两个个地方:runNewReducer方法和ReduceCopier类,后者有2000多行代码,占据了ReduceTask类的绝大部分代码量。

      A、我们先看runNewReducer吧,这个比ReduceCopier更容易一些,代码如下:

     1 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     2   private <INKEY,INVALUE,OUTKEY,OUTVALUE>
     3   void runNewReducer(JobConf job,
     4                      final TaskUmbilicalProtocol umbilical,
     5                      final TaskReporter reporter,
     6                      RawKeyValueIterator rIter,
     7                      RawComparator<INKEY> comparator,
     8                      Class<INKEY> keyClass,
     9                      Class<INVALUE> valueClass
    10                      ) throws IOException,InterruptedException, 
    11                               ClassNotFoundException {
    12     // wrap value iterator to report progress.
    13     final RawKeyValueIterator rawIter = rIter;
    14     rIter = new RawKeyValueIterator() {
    15       public void close() throws IOException {
    16         rawIter.close();
    17       }
    18       public DataInputBuffer getKey() throws IOException {
    19         return rawIter.getKey();
    20       }
    21       public Progress getProgress() {
    22         return rawIter.getProgress();
    23       }
    24       public DataInputBuffer getValue() throws IOException {
    25         return rawIter.getValue();
    26       }
    27       public boolean next() throws IOException {
    28         boolean ret = rawIter.next();
    29         reducePhase.set(rawIter.getProgress().get());
    30         reporter.progress();
    31         return ret;
    32       }
    33     };
    34     // make a task context so we can get the classes
    35     /*TaskAttemptContext类继承于JobContext类,相对于JobContext类增加了一些有关task的信息。通过taskContext对象可以获得很多与任务执行相
    36     关的类,比如用户定义的Mapper类,InputFormat类等等 */ 
    37     org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext taskContext =
    38       new org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.TaskAttemptContext(job, getTaskID());
    39     // make a reducer
    40     //创建用户定义的Reduce类的实例 
    41     org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer<INKEY,INVALUE,OUTKEY,OUTVALUE> reducer =
    42       (org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer<INKEY,INVALUE,OUTKEY,OUTVALUE>)
    43         ReflectionUtils.newInstance(taskContext.getReducerClass(), job);
    44 
    45      org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.RecordWriter<OUTKEY,OUTVALUE> trackedRW = 
    46        new NewTrackingRecordWriter<OUTKEY, OUTVALUE>(reduceOutputCounter,
    47          job, reporter, taskContext);
    48     job.setBoolean("mapred.skip.on", isSkipping());
    49     org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer.Context 
    50          reducerContext = createReduceContext(reducer, job, getTaskID(),
    51                                                rIter, reduceInputKeyCounter,
    52                                                reduceInputValueCounter, 
    53                                                trackedRW, committer,
    54                                                reporter, comparator, keyClass,
    55                                                valueClass);
    56     reducer.run(reducerContext);
    57     trackedRW.close(reducerContext);
    58   }
    View Code

      (1)参数RawKeyValueIterator rIter实际上是org.apache.hadoop.mapred.Merger.MergeQueue。这里将rIter赋值给新的RawKeyValueIterator rawIter,然后将rIter重新实现了RawKeyValueIterator,可以跟踪和汇报rawIter进度;

      (2)构造任务配置类以及获取用户自己的Reducer类的实例,然后创建一个NewTrackingRecordWriter的对象trackedRW作为输出; 

      (3)将rIter、trackedRW等信息传递给org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Reducer.Context ,构造了一个管理读写的配置对象;在其父类ReduceContext中对输入就是迭代器的操作进行了实现;在ReduceContext的父类TaskInputOutputContext中实现输出的方法,其write方法会直接调用trackedRW.write(key,value)

      (4)reducer.run(reducerContext)执行reducer的run方法,这个run方法和上一节中的基本相同,可参考之;

      (5)关闭输出trackedRW.close(reducerContext)。

      一、这里还得解释一下NewTrackingRecordWriter这个管理输出的类,是mapreduce.RecordWriter的子类,和上一节中的NewDirectOutputCollector较为类似,这里不再讲解。

      二、至于输入数据rIter迭代器,在此需要解释一下,实现同一个key的不同value迭代读取的功能在ReduceContext中,讲之前,我们先看一下Reducer.run()方法的代码吧:  

    1 public void run(Context context) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    2     setup(context);
    3     while (context.nextKey()) {
    4       reduce(context.getCurrentKey(), context.getValues(), context);
    5     }
    6     cleanup(context);
    7   }

      我们只说while循环这一部分,其他部分前一小节有讲解,基本类似。while的循环条件是ReduceContext.nextKey()为真,这个方法就在ReduceContext中实现的,这个方法的目的就是处理下一个唯一的key(就是要保证是新的key),因为reduce方法的输入数据是分组的,所以每次都会处理一个key及这个key对应的所有value,又因为已经将所有的Map Task的输出拷贝过来而且做了排序,所以key相同的KV对都是挨着的。来看nextKey()方法代码:

     1 /** Start processing next unique key. */
     2   public boolean nextKey() throws IOException,InterruptedException {
     3     while (hasMore && nextKeyIsSame) {    //如果还有数据并且下一个KV中的K与当前的相同就一直循环直到key不相同,一般不会执行这个,因为value的迭代器会迭代到nextKeyIsSame==false
     4       nextKeyValue();
     5     }
     6     if (hasMore) {    //如果还有数据
     7       if (inputKeyCounter != null) {
     8         inputKeyCounter.increment(1);    //统计
     9       }
    10       return nextKeyValue();    //推进到下一个KV
    11     } else {
    12       return false;
    13     }
    14   }
    View Code

      上述方法会调用另外一个方法nextKeyValue()会尝试去获取下一个key值,并且如果没数据了就会返回false,如果还有数据就返回true,具体代码如下:

     1 public boolean nextKeyValue() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
     2     if (!hasMore) {
     3       key = null;
     4       value = null;
     5       return false;
     6     }
     7     firstValue = !nextKeyIsSame;        //这个是否是同一个key值的不同value,第一个value的话firstValue==true并且nextKeyIsSame==false,后续的会是false,nextKeyIsSame是true
     8     DataInputBuffer next = input.getKey();
     9     currentRawKey.set(next.getData(), next.getPosition(), 
    10                       next.getLength() - next.getPosition());
    11     buffer.reset(currentRawKey.getBytes(), 0, currentRawKey.getLength());
    12     key = keyDeserializer.deserialize(key);        //反序列化获取key值
    13     next = input.getValue();
    14     buffer.reset(next.getData(), next.getPosition(), next.getLength());
    15     value = valueDeserializer.deserialize(value);    //反序列化获取value值
    16     hasMore = input.next();        //是否还有数据
    17     if (hasMore) {
    18       next = input.getKey();
    19       nextKeyIsSame = comparator.compare(currentRawKey.getBytes(), 0, 
    20                                          currentRawKey.getLength(),
    21                                          next.getData(),
    22                                          next.getPosition(),
    23                                          next.getLength() - next.getPosition()
    24                                          ) == 0;        //查看下一个KV的key是否与当前的一样
    25     } else {            //没有数据了
    26       nextKeyIsSame = false;
    27     }
    28     inputValueCounter.increment(1);
    29     return true;
    30   }
    View Code

      这里面有两个比较重要的参数:firstValue表示是否是当前key值的第一个value;nextKeyIsSame表示下一个key是否和当前key值相同。这两个参数在迭代获取value的时候会有重要作用。在这个方法中会获取key和value,可以通过getCurrentKey()和getCurrentValue()方法来获取这两个值。这个方法还会读取下一个key与当前的key作比较,如果相同则nextKeyIsSame=true,否则nextKeyIsSame=false。

      此时我们再返回到run()方法中,循环条件已了解,那么循环体的秘密呢?用户自己的reduce方法还记得么?一个key和一个这个key对应的value迭代器,没错在这分别对应context.getCurrentKey()和context.getValues()。下面我们重点研究一下后者context.getValues(),这个方法也在ReduceContext类中,这个方法主要是返回一个可迭代对象ValueIterable,它封装了迭代器ValueIterator,这个迭代器实现了对value的迭代读取,这个类的全部代码如下:

     1 protected class ValueIterator implements Iterator<VALUEIN> {
     2 
     3     @Override
     4     public boolean hasNext() {
     5       return firstValue || nextKeyIsSame;
     6     }
     7 
     8     @Override
     9     public VALUEIN next() {
    10       // if this is the first record, we don't need to advance
    11       if (firstValue) {
    12         firstValue = false;
    13         return value;
    14       }
    15       // if this isn't the first record and the next key is different, they
    16       // can't advance it here.
    17       if (!nextKeyIsSame) {
    18         throw new NoSuchElementException("iterate past last value");
    19       }
    20       // otherwise, go to the next key/value pair
    21       try {        //firstValue==false and nextKeyIsSame == true
    22         nextKeyValue();
    23         return value;
    24       } catch (IOException ie) {
    25         throw new RuntimeException("next value iterator failed", ie);
    26       } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
    27         // this is bad, but we can't modify the exception list of java.util
    28         throw new RuntimeException("next value iterator interrupted", ie);        
    29       }
    30     }
    31 
    32     @Override
    33     public void remove() {
    34       throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove not implemented");
    35     }
    36     
    37   }
    View Code

      hasNext()判断是否还有下一个value,由上面说的firstValue和nextKeyIsSame决定,只要有一个是true就说明有下一个value,为什么呢,请看上面对着两个参数的解释,自行理解吧,很明显。

      next()方法就是读取value的地方,这有几种情况需要分析:1、如果firstValue==true,则直接返回当前的value,大伙这没问题吧;2、如果firstValue==false and nextKeyIsSame == false,这明显不科学,哪有下一个key不相同且又不是第一个value的情况呢?所以报错;3、如果firstValue==false and nextKeyIsSame == true 说明下一个KV的key和当前key相同且不是第一个value,可能是第N个,所以需要调用nextKeyValue()获取下一个value并返回。reduce就是通过这种机制不断去获取同一个key的所有valude的。

      这个上面二中的输入数据迭代器就明了了。

      B、下面就是ReduceCopier类了,这个类承载的工作量很大,也比较复杂。

      重点的方法是ReduceCopier.fetchOutputs()这个方法负责拷贝各个Map函数的输出,代码也比较多接近400行,代码如下,里面有一些注释:

      1  //通过ReduceCopier的fetchOutputs()方法取得map的结果
      2     public boolean fetchOutputs() throws IOException {
      3       int totalFailures = 0;
      4       int            numInFlight = 0, numCopied = 0;
      5       DecimalFormat  mbpsFormat = new DecimalFormat("0.00");
      6       final Progress copyPhase = 
      7         reduceTask.getProgress().phase();
      8       //(4)同时合并,还有一个内存Merger线程InMemFSMergeThread和一个文件Merger线程LocalFSMerger在同步工作,
      9       //它们将下载过来的文件(可能在内存中,简单的统称为文件...),做着归并排序,以此,节约时间,降低输入文件的数量,
     10       //为后续的排序工作减   负。InMemFSMergeThread的run循环调用doInMemMerge,该方法使用工具类Merger实现归并,
     11       //如果需要combine,则combinerRunner.combine。
     12       LocalFSMerger localFSMergerThread = null;
     13       InMemFSMergeThread inMemFSMergeThread = null;
     14       //(1)索取任务。使用GetMapEventsThread线程。
     15       //该线程的run方法不停的调用getMapCompletionEvents方法,
     16       //该方法又使用RPC调用TaskUmbilicalProtocol协议的getMapCompletionEvents,
     17       //方法使用所属的jobID向其父TaskTracker询问此作业个Map任务  的完成状况
     18       //(TaskTracker要向JobTracker询问后再转告给它...)。返回一个数组TaskCompletionEvent events[]。
     19       //TaskCompletionEvent包含taskid和ip地址之类的信息。
     20       GetMapEventsThread getMapEventsThread = null;
     21       
     22       for (int i = 0; i < numMaps; i++) {
     23         copyPhase.addPhase();       // add sub-phase per file
     24       }
     25       
     26       copiers = new ArrayList<MapOutputCopier>(numCopiers);
     27       
     28       // start all the copying threads
     29       for (int i=0; i < numCopiers; i++) {
     30           //(2)当获取到相关Map任务执行服务器的信息后,有一个线程MapOutputCopier开启,做具体的拷贝工作。
     31           //它会在一个单独的线程内,负责某个Map任务服务器上文件的拷贝工作。MapOutputCopier的run循环调用
     32           //copyOutput,copyOutput又调用    getMapOutput,使用HTTP远程拷贝。
     33         MapOutputCopier copier = new MapOutputCopier(conf, reporter, 
     34             reduceTask.getJobTokenSecret());
     35         copiers.add(copier);
     36         copier.start();
     37       }
     38       
     39       //start the on-disk-merge thread
     40       localFSMergerThread = new LocalFSMerger((LocalFileSystem)localFileSys);
     41       //start the in memory merger thread
     42       inMemFSMergeThread = new InMemFSMergeThread();
     43       localFSMergerThread.start();
     44       inMemFSMergeThread.start();
     45       
     46       // start the map events thread
     47       getMapEventsThread = new GetMapEventsThread();
     48       getMapEventsThread.start();
     49       
     50       // start the clock for bandwidth measurement
     51       long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
     52       long currentTime = startTime;
     53       long lastProgressTime = startTime;
     54       long lastOutputTime = 0;
     55       
     56         // loop until we get all required outputs
     57         while (copiedMapOutputs.size() < numMaps && mergeThrowable == null) {
     58           
     59           currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
     60           boolean logNow = false;
     61           if (currentTime - lastOutputTime > MIN_LOG_TIME) {
     62             lastOutputTime = currentTime;
     63             logNow = true;
     64           }
     65           if (logNow) {
     66             LOG.info(reduceTask.getTaskID() + " Need another " 
     67                    + (numMaps - copiedMapOutputs.size()) + " map output(s) "
     68                    + "where " + numInFlight + " is already in progress");
     69           }
     70 
     71           // Put the hash entries for the failed fetches.
     72           Iterator<MapOutputLocation> locItr = retryFetches.iterator();
     73 
     74           while (locItr.hasNext()) {
     75             MapOutputLocation loc = locItr.next(); 
     76             List<MapOutputLocation> locList = 
     77               mapLocations.get(loc.getHost());
     78             
     79             // Check if the list exists. Map output location mapping is cleared 
     80             // once the jobtracker restarts and is rebuilt from scratch.
     81             // Note that map-output-location mapping will be recreated and hence
     82             // we continue with the hope that we might find some locations
     83             // from the rebuild map.
     84             if (locList != null) {
     85               // Add to the beginning of the list so that this map is 
     86               //tried again before the others and we can hasten the 
     87               //re-execution of this map should there be a problem
     88               locList.add(0, loc);
     89             }
     90           }
     91 
     92           if (retryFetches.size() > 0) {
     93             LOG.info(reduceTask.getTaskID() + ": " +  
     94                   "Got " + retryFetches.size() +
     95                   " map-outputs from previous failures");
     96           }
     97           // clear the "failed" fetches hashmap
     98           retryFetches.clear();
     99 
    100           // now walk through the cache and schedule what we can
    101           int numScheduled = 0;
    102           int numDups = 0;
    103           
    104           synchronized (scheduledCopies) {
    105   
    106             // Randomize the map output locations to prevent 
    107             // all reduce-tasks swamping the same tasktracker
    108             List<String> hostList = new ArrayList<String>();
    109             hostList.addAll(mapLocations.keySet()); 
    110             
    111             Collections.shuffle(hostList, this.random);//混洗,降低热点的出现
    112               
    113             Iterator<String> hostsItr = hostList.iterator();
    114 
    115             while (hostsItr.hasNext()) {
    116             
    117               String host = hostsItr.next();
    118 
    119               List<MapOutputLocation> knownOutputsByLoc = 
    120                 mapLocations.get(host);
    121 
    122               // Check if the list exists. Map output location mapping is 
    123               // cleared once the jobtracker restarts and is rebuilt from 
    124               // scratch.
    125               // Note that map-output-location mapping will be recreated and 
    126               // hence we continue with the hope that we might find some 
    127               // locations from the rebuild map and add then for fetching.
    128               if (knownOutputsByLoc == null || knownOutputsByLoc.size() == 0) {
    129                 continue;
    130               }
    131               
    132               //Identify duplicate hosts here
    133               if (uniqueHosts.contains(host)) {
    134                  numDups += knownOutputsByLoc.size(); 
    135                  continue;
    136               }
    137 
    138               Long penaltyEnd = penaltyBox.get(host);
    139               boolean penalized = false;
    140             
    141               if (penaltyEnd != null) {
    142                 if (currentTime < penaltyEnd.longValue()) {
    143                   penalized = true;
    144                 } else {
    145                   penaltyBox.remove(host);
    146                 }
    147               }
    148               
    149               if (penalized)
    150                 continue;
    151 
    152               synchronized (knownOutputsByLoc) {
    153               
    154                 locItr = knownOutputsByLoc.iterator();
    155             
    156                 while (locItr.hasNext()) {
    157               
    158                   MapOutputLocation loc = locItr.next();
    159               
    160                   // Do not schedule fetches from OBSOLETE maps
    161                   if (obsoleteMapIds.contains(loc.getTaskAttemptId())) {
    162                     locItr.remove();
    163                     continue;
    164                   }
    165 
    166                   uniqueHosts.add(host);
    167                   scheduledCopies.add(loc);
    168                   locItr.remove();  // remove from knownOutputs
    169                   numInFlight++; numScheduled++;
    170 
    171                   break; //we have a map from this host
    172                 }
    173               }
    174             }
    175             scheduledCopies.notifyAll();
    176           }
    177 
    178           if (numScheduled > 0 || logNow) {
    179             LOG.info(reduceTask.getTaskID() + " Scheduled " + numScheduled +
    180                    " outputs (" + penaltyBox.size() +
    181                    " slow hosts and" + numDups + " dup hosts)");
    182           }
    183 
    184           if (penaltyBox.size() > 0 && logNow) {
    185             LOG.info("Penalized(slow) Hosts: ");
    186             for (String host : penaltyBox.keySet()) {
    187               LOG.info(host + " Will be considered after: " + 
    188                   ((penaltyBox.get(host) - currentTime)/1000) + " seconds.");
    189             }
    190           }
    191 
    192           // if we have no copies in flight and we can't schedule anything
    193           // new, just wait for a bit
    194           try {
    195             if (numInFlight == 0 && numScheduled == 0) {
    196               // we should indicate progress as we don't want TT to think
    197               // we're stuck and kill us
    198               reporter.progress();
    199               Thread.sleep(5000);
    200             }
    201           } catch (InterruptedException e) { } // IGNORE
    202           
    203           while (numInFlight > 0 && mergeThrowable == null) {
    204             LOG.debug(reduceTask.getTaskID() + " numInFlight = " + 
    205                       numInFlight);
    206             //the call to getCopyResult will either 
    207             //1) return immediately with a null or a valid CopyResult object,
    208             //                 or
    209             //2) if the numInFlight is above maxInFlight, return with a 
    210             //   CopyResult object after getting a notification from a 
    211             //   fetcher thread, 
    212             //So, when getCopyResult returns null, we can be sure that
    213             //we aren't busy enough and we should go and get more mapcompletion
    214             //events from the tasktracker
    215             CopyResult cr = getCopyResult(numInFlight);
    216 
    217             if (cr == null) {
    218               break;
    219             }
    220             
    221             if (cr.getSuccess()) {  // a successful copy
    222               numCopied++;
    223               lastProgressTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    224               reduceShuffleBytes.increment(cr.getSize());
    225                 
    226               long secsSinceStart = 
    227                 (System.currentTimeMillis()-startTime)/1000+1;
    228               float mbs = ((float)reduceShuffleBytes.getCounter())/(1024*1024);
    229               float transferRate = mbs/secsSinceStart;
    230                 
    231               copyPhase.startNextPhase();
    232               copyPhase.setStatus("copy (" + numCopied + " of " + numMaps 
    233                                   + " at " +
    234                                   mbpsFormat.format(transferRate) +  " MB/s)");
    235                 
    236               // Note successful fetch for this mapId to invalidate
    237               // (possibly) old fetch-failures
    238               fetchFailedMaps.remove(cr.getLocation().getTaskId());
    239             } else if (cr.isObsolete()) {
    240               //ignore
    241               LOG.info(reduceTask.getTaskID() + 
    242                        " Ignoring obsolete copy result for Map Task: " + 
    243                        cr.getLocation().getTaskAttemptId() + " from host: " + 
    244                        cr.getHost());
    245             } else {
    246               retryFetches.add(cr.getLocation());
    247               
    248               // note the failed-fetch
    249               TaskAttemptID mapTaskId = cr.getLocation().getTaskAttemptId();
    250               TaskID mapId = cr.getLocation().getTaskId();
    251               
    252               totalFailures++;
    253               Integer noFailedFetches = 
    254                 mapTaskToFailedFetchesMap.get(mapTaskId);
    255               noFailedFetches = 
    256                 (noFailedFetches == null) ? 1 : (noFailedFetches + 1);
    257               mapTaskToFailedFetchesMap.put(mapTaskId, noFailedFetches);
    258               LOG.info("Task " + getTaskID() + ": Failed fetch #" + 
    259                        noFailedFetches + " from " + mapTaskId);
    260 
    261               if (noFailedFetches >= abortFailureLimit) {
    262                 LOG.fatal(noFailedFetches + " failures downloading "
    263                           + getTaskID() + ".");
    264                 umbilical.shuffleError(getTaskID(),
    265                                  "Exceeded the abort failure limit;"
    266                                  + " bailing-out.", jvmContext);
    267               }
    268               
    269               checkAndInformJobTracker(noFailedFetches, mapTaskId,
    270                   cr.getError().equals(CopyOutputErrorType.READ_ERROR));
    271 
    272               // note unique failed-fetch maps
    273               if (noFailedFetches == maxFetchFailuresBeforeReporting) {
    274                 fetchFailedMaps.add(mapId);
    275                   
    276                 // did we have too many unique failed-fetch maps?
    277                 // and did we fail on too many fetch attempts?
    278                 // and did we progress enough
    279                 //     or did we wait for too long without any progress?
    280                
    281                 // check if the reducer is healthy
    282                 boolean reducerHealthy = 
    283                     (((float)totalFailures / (totalFailures + numCopied)) 
    284                      < MAX_ALLOWED_FAILED_FETCH_ATTEMPT_PERCENT);
    285                 
    286                 // check if the reducer has progressed enough
    287                 boolean reducerProgressedEnough = 
    288                     (((float)numCopied / numMaps) 
    289                      >= MIN_REQUIRED_PROGRESS_PERCENT);
    290                 
    291                 // check if the reducer is stalled for a long time
    292                 // duration for which the reducer is stalled
    293                 int stallDuration = 
    294                     (int)(System.currentTimeMillis() - lastProgressTime);
    295                 // duration for which the reducer ran with progress
    296                 int shuffleProgressDuration = 
    297                     (int)(lastProgressTime - startTime);
    298                 // min time the reducer should run without getting killed
    299                 int minShuffleRunDuration = 
    300                     (shuffleProgressDuration > maxMapRuntime) 
    301                     ? shuffleProgressDuration 
    302                     : maxMapRuntime;
    303                 boolean reducerStalled = 
    304                     (((float)stallDuration / minShuffleRunDuration) 
    305                      >= MAX_ALLOWED_STALL_TIME_PERCENT);
    306                 
    307                 // kill if not healthy and has insufficient progress
    308                 if ((fetchFailedMaps.size() >= maxFailedUniqueFetches ||
    309                      fetchFailedMaps.size() == (numMaps - copiedMapOutputs.size()))
    310                     && !reducerHealthy 
    311                     && (!reducerProgressedEnough || reducerStalled)) { 
    312                   LOG.fatal("Shuffle failed with too many fetch failures " + 
    313                             "and insufficient progress!" +
    314                             "Killing task " + getTaskID() + ".");
    315                   umbilical.shuffleError(getTaskID(), 
    316                                          "Exceeded MAX_FAILED_UNIQUE_FETCHES;"
    317                                          + " bailing-out.", jvmContext);
    318                 }
    319 
    320               }
    321                 
    322               currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    323               long currentBackOff = (long)(INITIAL_PENALTY *
    324                   Math.pow(PENALTY_GROWTH_RATE, noFailedFetches));
    325 
    326               penaltyBox.put(cr.getHost(), currentTime + currentBackOff);
    327               LOG.warn(reduceTask.getTaskID() + " adding host " +
    328                        cr.getHost() + " to penalty box, next contact in " +
    329                        (currentBackOff/1000) + " seconds");
    330             }
    331             uniqueHosts.remove(cr.getHost());
    332             numInFlight--;
    333           }
    334         }
    335         
    336         // all done, inform the copiers to exit
    337         exitGetMapEvents= true;
    338         try {
    339           getMapEventsThread.join();
    340           LOG.info("getMapsEventsThread joined.");
    341         } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
    342           LOG.info("getMapsEventsThread threw an exception: " +
    343               StringUtils.stringifyException(ie));
    344         }
    345 
    346         synchronized (copiers) {
    347           synchronized (scheduledCopies) {
    348             for (MapOutputCopier copier : copiers) {
    349               copier.interrupt();
    350             }
    351             copiers.clear();
    352           }
    353         }
    354         
    355         // copiers are done, exit and notify the waiting merge threads
    356         synchronized (mapOutputFilesOnDisk) {
    357           exitLocalFSMerge = true;
    358           mapOutputFilesOnDisk.notify();
    359         }
    360         
    361         ramManager.close();
    362         
    363         //Do a merge of in-memory files (if there are any)
    364         if (mergeThrowable == null) {
    365           try {
    366             // Wait for the on-disk merge to complete
    367             localFSMergerThread.join();
    368             LOG.info("Interleaved on-disk merge complete: " + 
    369                      mapOutputFilesOnDisk.size() + " files left.");
    370             
    371             //wait for an ongoing merge (if it is in flight) to complete
    372             inMemFSMergeThread.join();
    373             LOG.info("In-memory merge complete: " + 
    374                      mapOutputsFilesInMemory.size() + " files left.");
    375             } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
    376             LOG.warn(reduceTask.getTaskID() +
    377                      " Final merge of the inmemory files threw an exception: " + 
    378                      StringUtils.stringifyException(ie));
    379             // check if the last merge generated an error
    380             if (mergeThrowable != null) {
    381               mergeThrowable = ie;
    382             }
    383             return false;
    384           }
    385         }
    386         return mergeThrowable == null && copiedMapOutputs.size() == numMaps;
    387     }
    388     
    View Code

       该方法会构造多个线程对象:1个LocalFSMerger线程、1个InMemFSMergeThread线程、1个GetMapEventsThread线程、若干个(由"mapred.reduce.parallel.copies"决定,默认是5)MapOutputCopier线程。

      (1)先开若干个MapOutputCopier,并启动线程,加入copiers存储列表。这个线程的run方法中有个死循环,一直监控scheduledCopies列表,这个列表表示正在拷贝的map输出的列表,当scheduledCopies一旦发现有MapOutputLocation就获取第一个MapOutputLocation,调用方法copyOutput(loc)来从远程通过HTTP拷贝Map的输出数据。copyOutput(loc)方法首先检查这个MapOutputLocation是否在copiedMapOutputs和obsoleteMapIds之中,是不能拷贝的,如果在就直接返回-2;然后通过getMapOutput(MapOutputLocation mapOutputLoc, Path filename, int reduce)方法与远程taskTracker建立连接,并获取输入流,通过一系列检查之后检查内存文件系统是否可以放得下这个map输出,如果可以放得下就通过shuffleInMemory方法将这个文件放入内存,否则通过shuffleToDisk刷新到磁盘(shuffleInMemory方法会等待内存释放足够的空间并会关闭输入流再再次建立输入流,在内存中开辟空间,将map数据拷贝到这这段空间中并封装到MapOutput中,然后返回这个MapOutput;shuffleToDisk方法首先会找一个合适的本地位置来存储map的输出,然后构造一个MapOutput对象,并从输入流持续的写到输出流指定的文件中,将这个文件封装到MapOutput中,返回MapOutput)。再返回到copyOutput方法,再对返回的MapOutput做一些检查最终如果是在内存中则mapOutputsFilesInMemory.add(mapOutput);否则是在本地磁盘对其重命名并将这个文件对应的FileStatus加入mapOutputFilesOnDisk。run方法中的finally中的finish方法将已经拷贝的MapOutputLocation放入copyResults。

      (2)构造LocalFSMerger对象并启动线程,其run方法如果exitLocalFSMerge==false就会一直等待本地文件数量>=(2 * ioSortFactor - 1),会触发本地文件合并操作,ioSortFactor是参数"io.sort.factor",默认是10。然后会从 mapOutputFilesOnDisk(是SortedSet类型)中选取最小的前10个文件放入mapFiles,通过Merger.merge归并排序这10个文件,写入writer指定的文件,并将新文件放入mapOutputFilesOnDisk中。这里如果设置了combiner,也不会调用。

      (3)构造InMemFSMergeThread对象并启动线程,其run方法循环检查内存中的文件是否可以合并通过exit = ramManager.waitForDataToMerge(),如果满足以下几个条件之一就会触发合并内存文件的操作:一、数据拷贝完毕后,关闭ShuffleRamManager;二、ShuffleRamManager 中已使用内存超过可用内存的“mapred.job.shuffle.merge.percent”,默认是0.66且内存文件数目超过2个;三、内存中 的文件数目超过“mapred.inmem.merge.threshold”,默认是1000;四、阻塞在ShuffleRamManager上的请求数目超过拷贝线程数"mapred.reduce.parallel.copies"的0.75。满足条件就会调用doInMemMerge()方法来执行合并操作,该方法使用工具类Merger实现归并,如果设置了combiner,则在写入本地文件之前通过combinerRunner.combine来将排序后的数据聚集后写入writer指定的本地文件中。这里有个问题要注意就是run方法中是do-while循环,循环条件是(!exit),即当exit==false时才会持续的运行,waitForDataToMerge方法中可以看出来只有ramManager关闭之后才会返回true。

      (4)构造GetMapEventsThread对象并启动线程。此线程的run方法是每隔1s调用getMapCompletionEvents()方法直到exitGetMapEvents==true(会在fetchOutputs()中赋值true),这个方法会与TaskTracker通信调用TaskTracker.getMapCompletionEvents已经获取到的etionEvents方法获取已完成的Map Task列表:规则是先查找shouldReset有没有当前reduce task对应的ID,如果有说明要正在shuffle要回滚,则就返回一个要reset的MapTaskCompletionEventsUpdate;如果shouldReset没有,则从runningJobs中找到当前reduce task所属的Job的FetchStatus;获取新增的完成的map task列表FetchStatus.getMapEvents(fromEventId, maxLocs),从allMapEvents中获取需要的已完成的map,然后封装到这个列表到MapTaskCompletionEventsUpdate,再返回。那么allMapEvents中的数据是如何来的呢?TaskTracker有个MapEventsFetcherThread线程,其run方法会周期性的去获取runningJobs所有的job中第一个处于SHUFFLE阶段的reduce task对应job的FetchStatus,然后对每个FetchStatus调用其fetchMapCompletionEvents(currentTime)方法调用queryJobTracker(fromEventId, jobId, jobClient)方法与JobTracker通信通过JobTracker.getTaskCompletionEvents方法从JobInProgress中的taskCompletionEvents来获取满足条件的TaskCompletionEvent,从中找出是Map task的更新allMapEvents。

      getMapCompletionEvents()方法中获取到了MapTaskCompletionEventsUpdate之后,就将已完成的map列表放入TaskCompletionEvent events[]之中;如果是reset的,则重置fromEventId、obsoleteMapIds、mapLocations;然后更新fromEventId表示已经获取到已完成map的最新编号,以后再获取新增将会是这个编号之后的。然后遍历events中的所有TaskCompletionEvent,根据每个的状态:如果是SUCCEEDED,则放入mapLocations(保存了TaskTracker Host与已完成任务列表的映射关系)可以去取map的输出数据;如果是OBSOLETE/FAILED/KILLED,就放入obsoleteOutputs,表示停止从这些map取数据;如果是TIPFAILED,则放入copiedMapOutputs表示不需要从这些map去取数据。然后返回mapLocations新增的的个数。

      在fetchOutputs()方法中这些线程启动之后,还不能工作,还需要将mapLocations中合适的MapOutputLocation放入scheduledCopies唤醒MapOutputCopier线程去拷贝,如果A、所有的拷贝结果中会将拷贝成功的从fetchFailedMaps中删除;B、是Obsolete的会忽略;C、其他失败的加入retryFetches,并且对应mapTaskId的失败次数会加1,并放入mapTaskToFailedFetchesMap之中,这个结构是用来存放mapTaskId和对应的失败次数的,容错机制一:拷贝失败次数超过上限(Math.max(30, numMaps / 10))就会杀死该Reduce Task(等待调度器重新调度执行);容错机制二:一旦拷贝失败次数>=maxFetchFailuresBeforeReporting(由参数"mapreduce.reduce.shuffle.maxfetchfailures"指定,默认是10),就加入fetchFailedMaps,同时满足以下条件就会杀死这个reduce task:一、reducer所在节点不健康;二、fetchFailedMaps的大小超过上限(默认是5)或者等于所有的reducer需要的所有的map的个数减去copiedMapOutputs的大小;三、reducer没有足够的Progress或者reducer超时停滞了,容错三、如果前两个条件均不满足,则采用对数回归模型推迟一段时间后重新拷贝对应的map的输出数据,延迟时间是10000*Math.pow(1.3, noFailedFetches)),并放入penaltyBox中进行惩罚。最后待copy操作完成会做一些清理工作:会关闭ramManager,触发InMemFSMergeThread线程结束退出;exitGetMapEvents=true会使得GetMapEventsThread结束退出;exitLocalFSMerge=true会使得LocalFSMerger线程结束退出;挨个中断copiers中所有拷贝线程MapOutputCopier,清理copiers.clear()。

      至此reduce task算是讲解完毕,mapreduce的整个过程已经讲解了很多内容,大体的过程已知。还有许多东西没有涉及,比如恢复机制、容错机制、任务的推测、快排和归并、文件流的过程包括文件名和位置等等。后续还会继续研究。

      参考:1、董西成,《hadoop技术内幕---深入理解MapReduce架构设计与实现原理》

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lxf20061900/p/3794514.html
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