基本数据类型4
字典
集合
1:字典
字典是Python语言中唯一的映射类型。
定义:{key1:value1,key2:value2}
1、键与值用冒号":"分开;
2、项与项用逗号","分开;
特性:
1.key-value结构
2.key必须可hash、且必须为不可变数据类型、必须唯一
3.可存放任意多个值、可修改、可以不唯一
4.无序
字典的创建与常见操作
字典的创建:
person = {"name": "alex", 'age': 20}
#或
person = dict(name='seven', age=20)
#或
person = dict({"name": "egon", 'age': 20})
#或
person = dict((['name','苑昊'],['文周',18]))
{}.fromkeys(seq,100) #不指定100默认为None
#注意
>>> dic={}.fromkeys(['k1','k2'],[])
>>> dic
{'k1': [], 'k2': []}
>>> dic['k1'].append(1)
>>> dic
{'k1': [1], 'k2': [1]}
字典的常见操作
键、值、键值对
1、dic.keys() 返回一个包含字典所有KEY的列表;
2、dic.values() 返回一个包含字典所有value的列表;
3、dic.items() 返回一个包含所有(键,值)元祖的列表;
4、dic.iteritems()、dic.iterkeys()、dic.itervalues() 与它们对应的非迭代方法一样,不同的是它们返回一个迭代子,而不是一个列表;
新增
1、dic['new_key'] = 'new_value';
2、dic.setdefault(key, None) ,如果字典中不存在Key键,由 dic[key] = default 为它赋值;_
删除
1、dic.pop(key[,default]) 和get方法相似。如果字典中存在key,删除并返回key对应的vuale;如果key不存在,且没有给出default的值,则引发keyerror异常;
2、dic.clear() 删除字典中的所有项或元素;
修改
1、dic['key'] = 'new_value',如果key在字典中存在,'new_value'将会替代原来的value值;
2、dic.update(dic2) 将字典dic2的键值对添加到字典dic中
查看
1、dic['key'],返回字典中key对应的值,若key不存在字典中,则报错;
2、dict.get(key, default = None) 返回字典中key对应的值,若key不存在字典中,则返回default的值(default默认为None)
循环
1、for k in dic.keys()
2、for k,v in dic.items()
3、for k in dic
长度
1、len(dic)
字典的工厂函数:
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
"""
def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """
pass
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """
pass
@staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """
pass
def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """
pass
def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """
pass
def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """
pass
def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised
"""
pass
def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a
2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
"""
pass
def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """
pass
def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
"""
D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F.
If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v
In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]
"""
pass
def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """
pass
2:基本数据类型—集合
集合是一个数学概念:由一个或多个确定的元素所构成的整体叫做集合。
集合中的元素有三个特征:
1.确定性(元素必须可hash)
2.互异性(去重)
3.无序性(集合中的元素没有先后之分),如集合{3,4,5}和{3,5,4}算作同一个集合。
注意:集合存在的意义就在于去重和关系运算
用集合解决问题
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'} #集合定义
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
l_p = l&p #集合求交集
print(l_p)
集合的定义
l= {1,2,3,1} #此处应说明集合"去重"的效果
#定义可变集合
>>> set_test=set('hello') #此处应说明集合的"无序性"
>>> set_test
{'l', 'o', 'e', 'h'}
#改为不可变集合frozenset
>>> f_set_test=frozenset(set_test)
>>> f_set_test
frozenset({'l', 'e', 'h', 'o'})
集合的关系运算:
交集 & intersection , 并集 | union , 差集 - difference , 对称差集 ^ symmetric_difference ,
包含关系: in , not in 判断某元素是否在集合内
== , != 判断两个集合是否相等
判断两个集合的关系:
set.isdisjoint(s):判断两个集合是不是不相交
set.issuperset(s):判断集合是不是包含其他集合,等同于a>=b
set.issubset(s):判断集合是不是被其他集合包含,等同于a<=b
并集:
>>> a = { 1 , 2 , 3 }
>>> b = { 1 , 2 , 4}
>>> print (a.union(b))
{1, 2, 3, 4}
>>> a|b
{1, 2, 3, 4}
交集:
>>> a&b
{1, 2}
>>> a.intersection(b)
{1, 2}
差集:
>>> a - b
{3}
>>> a.difference(b)
{3}
对称差集:
>>> a^b
{3, 4}
>>> a.symmetric_difference(b)
{3, 4}
包含:in , not in
>>> for i in a :
... print (i in b, i)
...
True 1
True 2
False 3
>>> a == b
False
集合的关系:
>>> a
{1, 2, 3}
>>> d
{5, 6, 7}
>>> a.isdisjoint(b) # 是不是不相交
False # 不是的
>>> a.isdisjoint(d) # 是不是不相交
True # 是的
>>> a.issuperset(c)
True
>>> c.issubset(a)
True