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  • 09-完整性约束

    本节重点:

    • not null 与 default
    • unique
    • primary
    • auto_increment
    • foreign key

     

    一、介绍

    约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数

    作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性

    主要分为:

    PRIMARY KEY (PK)    #标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
    FOREIGN KEY (FK)    #标识该字段为该表的外键
    NOT NULL    #标识该字段不能为空
    UNIQUE KEY (UK)    #标识该字段的值是唯一的
    AUTO_INCREMENT    #标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
    DEFAULT    #为该字段设置默认值
    
    UNSIGNED #无符号
    ZEROFILL #使用0填充

    说明:

    #1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
    #2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
    
    #必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
    age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 
    # 3. 是否是key
    主键 primary key
    外键 foreign key
    索引 (index,unique...)

     

    二、not null 与default

    是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
    not null - 不可空
    null - 可空

    默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值

    create table tb1(
        nid int not null defalut 2,
        num int not null
    
    );

    验证1:

    mysql> create table t11(id int);# id字段默认可以为空
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t11;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.03 sec)
    mysql> insert into t11 values(); #给t11表插一个空的值
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    #查询结果如下
    mysql> select * from t11;
    +------+
    | id   |
    +------+
    | NULL |
    +------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    默认值可以为空

    验证2:

    mysql> create table t12(id int not null);#设置字段id不为空
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t12;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into t12 values();#不能插入空
    ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
    设置not null,插入值时不能为空

    验证3:

    # 第一种情况
    mysql> create table t13(id int default 1);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t13;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | YES  |           | 1              |              |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into t13 values();
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t13;
    +------+
    | id   |
    +------+
    |    1  |
    +------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    
    # 第二种情况
    mysql> create table t14(id int not null default 2);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t14;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO      |         | 2               |             |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t14;
    +----+
    | id |
    +----+
    |  2 |
    +----+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值

    小练习:

    创建学生表student2,设置每个字段的约束条件。

    mysql> create table student2(
        -> id int not null,
        -> name varchar(50) not null,
        -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
        -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
        -> fav set('smoke','drink','tangtou') default 'drink,tangtou'
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    # 只插入了not null约束条件的字段对应的值
    mysql> insert into student2(id,name) values(1,'mjj');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    # 查询结果如下
    mysql> select * from student2;
    +----+------+-----+------+---------------+
    | id | name | age | sex  | fav           |
    +----+------+-----+------+---------------+
    |  1 | mjj  |  18 | male | drink,tangtou |
    +----+------+-----+------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    3、unique

    中文翻译:不同的。在mysql中称为单列唯一

    举例说明:创建公司部门表(每个公司都有唯一的一个部门)。

    mysql> create table department(
        -> id int,
        -> name char(10)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into department values(1,'IT'),(2,'IT');
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from department;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | IT   |
    |    2 | IT   |
    +------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    # 发现: 同时插入两个IT部门也是可以的,但这是不合理的,所以我们要设置name字段为unique 解决这种不合理的现象。
    验证之前重复插入记录的操作是可行的,但是不符合场景

    接下来,使用约束条件unique,来对公司部门的字段进行设置。

    #第一种创建unique的方式
    #例子1:
    create table department(
        id int,
        name char(10) unique
    );
    mysql> insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'it');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'it' for key 'name'
    
    #例子2:
    create table department(
        id int unique,
        name char(10) unique
    );
    insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');
    
    #第二种创建unique的方式
    create table department(
        id int,
        name char(10) ,
        unique(id),
        unique(name)
    );
    insert into department values(1,'it'),(2,'sale');

    联合唯一:

    # 创建services表
    mysql> create table services(
            id int,
            ip char(15),
            port int,
            unique(id),
            unique(ip,port)
           );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
    
    mysql> desc services;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type      | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id        | int(11)   | YES   | UNI  | NULL       |             |
    | ip        | char(15) | YES   | MUL  | NULL       |             |
    | port    | int(11) | YES   |          | NULL       |             |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    #联合唯一,只要两列记录,有一列不同,既符合联合唯一的约束
    mysql> insert into services values
           (1,'192,168,11,23',80),
           (2,'192,168,11,23',81),
           (3,'192,168,11,25',80);
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from services;
    +------+---------------+------+
    | id   | ip            | port |
    +------+---------------+------+
    |    1 | 192,168,11,23 |   80 |
    |    2 | 192,168,11,23 |   81 |
    |    3 | 192,168,11,25 |   80 |
    +------+---------------+------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into services values (4,'192,168,11,23',80);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192,168,11,23-80' for key 'ip'

    4.primary key

    在MySQL的一个表中只有唯一的一个主键,不能有多列主键,但可以有复合主键

    一个表中可以:

    单列做主键
    多列做主键(复合主键)

    约束:等价于 not null unique,字段的值不为空且唯一

    存储引擎默认是(innodb):对于innodb存储引擎来说,一张表必须有一个主键。

    单列主键

    # 创建t14表,为id字段设置主键,唯一的不同的记录
    create table t14(
        id int primary key,
        name char(16)
    );
    
    insert into t14 values
    (1,'xiaoma'),
    (2,'xiaohong');
    
    mysql> insert into t14 values(2,'wxxx');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '6' for key 'PRIMARY'
    
    
    #   not null + unique的化学反应,相当于给id设置primary key
    create table t15(
        id int not null unique,
        name char(16)
    );
    mysql> create table t15(
        -> id int not null unique,
        -> name char(16)
        -> );
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t15;
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id        | int(11)  | NO     | PRI | NULL       |             |
    | name   | char(16) | YES  |         | NULL       |             |
    +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.02 sec)

    复合主键

     

    create table t16(
        ip char(15),
        port int,
        primary key(ip,port)
    );
    
    insert into t16 values
    ('1.1.1.2',80),
    ('1.1.1.2',81);
    验证复合主键的使用

     应用举例:比如'选课'系统(学生号,课程号,分数),每个学生可以选修多门课程,每门课程可以有多名学生选修。

    5.auto_increment

    约束:约束的字段为自动增长,约束的字段必须同时被key约束

    (重点)验证:

    # 创建student
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql>  desc student;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    3 rows in set (0.17 sec)
    
    #插入记录
    mysql>  insert into student(name) values ('老白'),('小白');
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+--------+------+
    | id | name   | sex  |
    +----+--------+------+
    |  1 | 老白   | male |
    |  2 | 小白   | male |
    +----+--------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    不指定id,则自动增长
    mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+--------+--------+
    | id | name   | sex    |
    +----+--------+--------+
    |  1 | 老白   | male   |
    |  2 | 小白   | male   |
    |  4 | asb    | female |
    |  7 | wsb    | female |
    +----+--------+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 再次插入一条不指定id的记录,会在之前的最后一条记录继续增长
    mysql>  insert into student(name) values ('大白');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+--------+--------+
    | id | name   | sex    |
    +----+--------+--------+
    |  1 | 老白   | male   |
    |  2 | 小白   | male   |
    |  4 | asb    | female |
    |  7 | wsb    | female |
    |  8 | 大白   | male   |
    +----+--------+--------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    也可以指定id
    mysql> delete from student;
    Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  9 | ysb  | male |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate student;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
    
    mysql>  insert into student(name) values('xiaobai');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+---------+------+
    | id | name    | sex  |
    +----+---------+------+
    |  1 | xiaobai | male |
    +----+---------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql>
    对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长

    了解:

    查看可用的 开头auto_inc的词
    mysql> show variables like 'auto_inc%';
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name            | Value |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | auto_increment_increment | 1     |
    | auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.02 sec)
    # 步长auto_increment_increment,默认为1
    # 起始的偏移量auto_increment_offset, 默认是1
    
     # 设置步长 为会话设置,只在本次连接中有效
     set session auto_increment_increment=5;
    
     #全局设置步长 都有效。
     set global auto_increment_increment=5;
    
     # 设置起始偏移量
     set global  auto_increment_offset=3;
    
    #强调:If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
    翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 
    
    # 设置完起始偏移量和步长之后,再次执行show variables like'auto_inc%';
    发现跟之前一样,必须先exit,再登录才有效。
    
    mysql> show variables like'auto_inc%';
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name            | Value |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | auto_increment_increment | 5     |
    | auto_increment_offset    | 3     |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #因为之前有一条记录id=1
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+---------+------+
    | id | name    | sex  |
    +----+---------+------+
    |  1 | xiaobai | male |
    +----+---------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    # 下次插入的时候,从起始位置3开始,每次插入记录id+5
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ma1'),('ma2'),('ma3');
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+---------+------+
    | id | name    | sex  |
    +----+---------+------+
    |  1 | xiaobai | male |
    |  3 | ma1     | male |
    |  8 | ma2     | male |
    | 13 | ma3     | male |
    +----+---------+------+
    auto_increment_increment和 auto_increment_offset

    清空表区分delete和truncate的区别:

    delete from t1; #如果有自增id,新增的数据,仍然是以删除前的最后一样作为起始。

    truncate table t1;数据量大,删除速度比上一条快,且直接从零开始。

    6.foreign key

    一 快速理解foreign key

    之前创建表的时候都是在一张表中添加记录,比如如下表:

    公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费。

    这个时候,

    解决方法:

    我们完全可以定义一个部门表

    然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

    我们可以将上表改为如下结构:

    此时有两张表,一张是employee表,简称emp表(关联表,也就从表)。一张是department表,简称dep表(被关联表,也叫主表)。

    创建两张表操作:

    #1.创建表时先创建被关联表,再创建关联表
    # 先创建被关联表(dep表)
    create table dep(
        id int primary key,
        name varchar(20) not null,
        descripe varchar(20) not null
    );
    
    #再创建关联表(emp表)
    create table emp(
        id int primary key,
        name varchar(20) not null,
        age int not null,
        dep_id int,
        constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) 
    );
    
    #2.插入记录时,先往被关联表中插入记录,再往关联表中插入记录
    
    insert into dep values
    (1,'IT','IT技术有限部门'),
    (2,'销售部','销售部门'),
    (3,'财务部','花钱太多部门');
    
    insert into emp values
    (1,'zhangsan',18,1),
    (2,'lisi',19,1),
    (3,'egon',20,2),
    (4,'yuanhao',40,3),
    (5,'alex',18,2);
    
    3.删除表
    #按道理来说,删除了部门表中的某个部门,员工表的有关联的记录相继删除。
    mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
    ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`db5`.`emp`, CONSTRAINT `fk_name` FOREIGN KEY (`dep_id`) REFERENCES `dep` (`id`))
    
    #但是先删除员工表的记录之后,再删除当前部门就没有任何问题
    
    mysql> delete from emp where dep =3;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from emp;
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    | id | name     | age | dep_id |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    |  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
    |  2 | lisi     |  18 |      1 |
    |  3 | egon     |  20 |      2 |
    |  5 | alex     |  18 |      2 |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from dep;
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    | id | name      | descripe             |
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    |  1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
    |  2 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    View Code

    上面的删除表记录的操作比较繁琐,按道理讲,裁掉一个部门,该部门的员工也会被裁掉。其实呢,在建表的时候还有个很重要的内容,叫同步删除,同步更新

    接下来将刚建好的两张表全部删除,先删除关联表(emp),再删除被关联表(dep)

    接下来:
    重复上面的操作建表
    注意:在关联表中加入
    on delete cascade #同步删除
    on update cascade #同步更新

    修改emp表:

    create table emp(
        id int primary key,
        name varchar(20) not null,
        age int not null,
        dep_id int,
        constraint fk_dep foreign key(dep_id) references dep(id) 
        on delete cascade #同步删除
        on update cascade #同步更新
    );

    接下来的操作,就复合我们正常的生活中的情况了。

    #再去删被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着删除
    mysql> delete from dep where id=3;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from dep;
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    | id | name      | descripe             |
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    |  1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
    |  2 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
    +----+-----------+----------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from emp;
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    | id | name     | age | dep_id |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    |  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
    |  2 | lisi     |  19 |      1 |
    |  3 | egon     |  20 |      2 |
    |  5 | alex     |  18 |      2 |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #再去更改被关联表(dep)的记录,关联表(emp)中的记录也跟着更改
    
    mysql> update dep set id=222 where id=2;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
    Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
    
    # 赶紧去查看一下两张表是否都被删除了,是否都被更改了
    mysql> select * from dep;
    +-----+-----------+----------------------+
    | id  | name      | descripe             |
    +-----+-----------+----------------------+
    |   1 | IT        | IT技术有限部门       |
    | 222 | 销售部    | 销售部门             |
    +-----+-----------+----------------------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from emp;
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    | id | name     | age | dep_id |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    |  1 | zhangsan |  18 |      1 |
    |  2 | lisi     |  19 |      1 |
    |  3 | egon     |  20 |    222 |
    |  5 | alex     |  18 |    222 |
    +----+----------+-----+--------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/majj/p/9169241.html
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