前言
前面已经通过三个篇幅向大家介绍了Flutter原生提供的常用Widget和其使用方法,实际开发中我们会遇到一些特殊的需求或者规范一些常用的Widget作为基础UI组件来使用,这时我们就需要根据需求自定义Widget了。Flutter中的自定义Widget和安卓、iOS原生平台类似,可以使用现有Widget进行组合,也可以自己根据需求来绘制,下面分别对两种自定义Widget的实现和使用方法做详细介绍。
现有Widget组合自定义Widget
现有Widget组合即是根据前面所介绍的基础Widget根据需求来组合成一个通用的Widget,这样在使用过程中避免设置过多的属性,且增强其复用性。 比如,在实际开发中,我们经常会碰到一个Icon和一个标题组合而成的UI,且这个组合的区块可以处理点击事件,那么我们就可以根据现有Icon和Text widget组合成通用的类似UI组件。
首先创建一个单独的dart文件来实现该自定义Widget,比如命名为custom_combined_widget.dart
。
import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class CustomCombinedWidget extends StatefulWidget { final IconData iconData; final String title; final GestureTapCallback onTap; const CustomCombinedWidget({Key key, this.iconData, this.title, this.onTap}): super(key: key); @override State<StatefulWidget> createState() { // TODO: implement createState return CustomCombinedWidgetState(); } } class CustomCombinedWidgetState extends State<CustomCombinedWidget> { @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { // TODO: implement build return GestureDetector( onTap: this.widget.onTap, child: Column( children: <Widget>[ Icon(this.widget.iconData, size: 45.0,), Text(this.widget.title == null ? "" : this.widget.title, style: TextStyle(fontSize: 14.0, color: Colors.black),), ], ), ); } }
上述代码中我们自定义了一个CustomCombinedWidget,这里面Icon的大小和标题的文本大小、颜色都是定好的,所以在使用时无法改变这些值,如果想在使用过程中改变这些值则需要从外部传值进来,比如标题的文本内容、icon和该Widget点击事件回调就是通过外部使用者传入的。
以上自定义Widget的使用方法如下:
//首先导入自定义Widget所在文件 import 'package:demo_module/custom_combined_widget.dart'; //在页面Widget中使用 class HomePageState extends State<HomePage> { String tips = '这里是提示'; @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { // TODO: implement build return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('自定义组合Widget'), ), body: Container( child: buildCombinedWidget(), ), ); } Widget buildCombinedWidget() { return Center( child: Column( children: <Widget>[ Row( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround, children: <Widget>[ CustomCombinedWidget( //使用自定义Widget iconData: Icons.home, title: '首页', onTap: () { setState(() { this.tips = '点击了首页'; }); }, ), CustomCombinedWidget( iconData: Icons.list, title: '产品', onTap: () { setState(() { this.tips = '点击了产品'; }); }, ), CustomCombinedWidget( iconData: Icons.more_horiz, title: '更多', onTap: () { setState(() { this.tips = '点击了更多'; }); }, ), ], ), Padding( padding: EdgeInsets.only(top: 50), child: Text( this.tips, style: TextStyle(fontSize: 20, color: Colors.blue), ), ), ], ), ); } }
通过CustomPainter绘制自定义Widget
自定义绘制的Widget需要我们继承官方提供的CustomPainter抽象类,重写paint方法来实现,我们可以在paint方法中根据需求来绘制各种UI图形,最后根据该自定义CustomerPainter类创建一个painter对象作为系统提供的CustomPaint的painter属性值来实现自定义Widget。下面根据一个常用的柱状图的实现来学习CustomPainter的用法。
首先我们创建一个自定义Widget对应的dart文件my_custom_painter.dart
import 'dart:ui'; import 'dart:ui' as ui show TextStyle; import 'package:flutter/material.dart'; class BaseData { String name; int num; BaseData({this.name, this.num}); } class MyCustomPainter extends CustomPainter { //绘制区域宽度 final int width = 300; //绘制区域高度 final int height = 350; //坐标原点 final Offset origin = const Offset(50.0, 280.0); //纵坐标顶点 final Offset vertexVer = const Offset(50.0, 20.0); //横坐标顶点 final Offset vertexHor = const Offset(300.0, 280.0); //纵坐标刻度间隔 final int scaleInterval = 1000; const MyCustomPainter(this.data); final List<BaseData> data; //根据文本内容和字体大小等构建一段文本 Paragraph buildParagraph(String text, double textSize, double constWidth) { ParagraphBuilder builder = ParagraphBuilder( ParagraphStyle( textAlign: TextAlign.right, fontSize: textSize, fontWeight: FontWeight.normal, ), ); builder.pushStyle(ui.TextStyle(color: Colors.black)); builder.addText(text); ParagraphConstraints constraints = ParagraphConstraints( constWidth); return builder.build()..layout(constraints); } @override void paint(Canvas canvas, Size size) { // TODO: implement paint var paint = Paint() ..color = Colors.black ..strokeWidth = 2.0 ..strokeCap = StrokeCap.square; //绘制纵坐标轴线 canvas.drawLine(origin, vertexVer, paint); canvas.drawLine( vertexVer, Offset(vertexVer.dx - 5, vertexVer.dy + 10), paint); canvas.drawLine( vertexVer, Offset(vertexVer.dx + 5, vertexVer.dy + 10), paint); canvas.drawParagraph(buildParagraph('印刷量', 14, origin.dx-5), Offset(0, vertexVer.dy-8)); //绘制横坐标轴线 canvas.drawLine(origin, vertexHor, paint); canvas.drawLine( vertexHor, Offset(vertexHor.dx - 10, vertexHor.dy - 5), paint); canvas.drawLine( vertexHor, Offset(vertexHor.dx - 10, vertexHor.dy + 5), paint); canvas.drawParagraph(buildParagraph('书籍名', 14, origin.dx-5), Offset(vertexHor.dx, origin.dy+8)); //绘制纵坐标刻度 //实际最大值 double realMaxY = origin.dy - vertexVer.dy - 20; //刻度间隔实际值 double scaleInte = realMaxY / 5; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { canvas.drawLine(Offset(origin.dx, origin.dy - (i + 1) * scaleInte), Offset(origin.dx + 5, origin.dy - (i + 1) * scaleInte), paint); canvas.drawParagraph(buildParagraph(((i+1)*scaleInterval).toString(), 12, origin.dx-5), Offset(0, origin.dy - (i + 1) * scaleInte - 8.0)); } if (data == null || data.length == 0) { return; } //计算纵坐标上的刻度 int size = data.length; //柱状图间隔值 double horiScalInte = (vertexHor.dx - origin.dx - 20) / size; //柱状图宽 double chartWidth = 5; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { BaseData curData = data[i]; double valueY = curData.num * scaleInte / scaleInterval; canvas.drawRect(Rect.fromLTWH(origin.dx + (i+1)*horiScalInte, origin.dy - valueY, chartWidth, valueY), paint); canvas.drawParagraph(buildParagraph(curData.name, 12, origin.dx-5), Offset(origin.dx + (i+1) * horiScalInte - 25, origin.dy+8)); } } @override bool shouldRepaint(MyCustomPainter oldDelegate) { // TODO: implement shouldRepaint return oldDelegate.data != data; } }
代码实现中表示我们将传入一个包含柱状图数据的data对象,paint方法会根据data数据集合来在一个坐标系中绘制柱状图。在具体的Widget页面应用方法如下:
class HomePageState extends State<HomePage> { List<BaseData> data = List(); @override Widget build(BuildContext context) { // TODO: implement build return Scaffold( appBar: AppBar( title: Text('自定义绘制Widget'), ), body: Container( child: buildDemoPaintWidget(), ), ); } Widget buildDemoPaintWidget() { return Column( crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.start, children: <Widget>[ Container( height: 350, child: buildPaintWidget(), ), Container( child: Row( mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround, children: <Widget>[ MaterialButton( onPressed: () { BaseData book1 = BaseData(name: '书籍A', num: 5000); BaseData book2 = BaseData(name: '书籍B', num: 2000); BaseData book3 = BaseData(name: '书籍C', num: 3000); List<BaseData> dataList = List(); dataList.add(book1); dataList.add(book2); dataList.add(book3); setState(() { this.data = dataList; }); }, child: Text('三本书'), ), MaterialButton( onPressed: () { BaseData book4 = BaseData(name: '书籍D', num: 4500); setState(() { this.data.add(book4); }); }, child: Text('四本书'), ), MaterialButton( onPressed: () { BaseData book5 = BaseData(name: '书籍E', num: 2500); setState(() { this.data.add(book5); }); }, child: Text('五本书'), ), ], ), ), ], ); } //构建自定义绘制的Widget Widget buildPaintWidget() { return CustomPaint( painter: MyCustomPainter(data), ); } }
总结
本篇我们对自定义Widget进行了详细介绍,实际开发中无非就是使用者两种方式来实现五花八门的UI需求,其中绘制自定义Widget在图表较多的APP中会经常使用,后续我们会专门用一篇文章来介绍各种图形的绘制方法,敬请期待!
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