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  • rest framework 认证

    一、简单认证示例

    需求:

    • 用户名密码正确:没有 token 则产生一个 token,有 token 则更新,返回登录成功;
    • 若用户名或密码错误,返回错误信息。

    1、models.py

    from django.db import models
    
    
    class UserInfo(models.Model):
        USER_TYPE = (
            (1, '普通用户'),
            (2, 'VIP'),
            (3, 'SVIP')
        )
    
        user_type = models.IntegerField(choices=USER_TYPE)
        username = models.CharField(max_length=32)
        password = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    
    
    class UserToken(models.Model):
        user = models.OneToOneField(UserInfo, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        token = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    

    2、urls.py

    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path
    from app.views import IndexView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        path('index/', IndexView.as_view()),
    ]
    

    3、views.py

    from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
    from django.views import View
    import json
    import hashlib
    import time
    from app import models
    
    
    def md5(user):
        """加密"""
        ctime = str(time.time())
        m = hashlib.md5(bytes(user, encoding='utf-8'))
        m.update(bytes(ctime, encoding='utf-8'))
        return m.hexdigest()
    
    
    class IndexView(View):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            ret = {'code': 1000, 'msg': None}
            try:
                user = request.POST.get('username')
                password = request.POST.get('password')
                obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=user, password=password).first()
                if not obj:
                    ret['code'] = 10001
                    ret['msg'] = '用户名或密码错误'
    
                 # 为用户创建token    
                token = md5(user)
                
                # 存在就更新,不存在就创建
                o = models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=obj, defaults={'token': token})
            except Exception as e:
                ret['code'] = 1002
                ret['msg'] = '请求异常'
            return HttpResponse(json.dumps(ret))
    

    利用 postman 工具模拟发送 post 请求:

    二、rest framework 认证

    基于上面的例子,我们用 rest framework 给每个类都实现认证功能。

    1、新建一个 auth.py 脚本文件,app/utils/auth.py

    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from app import models
    
    
    class MyAuthentication(object):
        """认证类"""
        def authenticate(self, request):
            token = request._request.GET.get('token')		# 获取 token
            token_obj = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
            if not token_obj:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户认证失败')
            return (token_obj.user, token_obj)	# 返回一个元组
    
        def authenticate_header(self, val):
            pass
    

    2、project/urls.py

    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path
    from app.views import IndexView, OrderView
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        path('index/', IndexView.as_view()),
        path('order/', OrderView.as_view()),
    ]
    

    3、app/views.py

    from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    import hashlib
    import time
    from app import models
    from django.http import JsonResponse
    from .utils.auth import MyAuthentication		# 导入认证的类
    
    def md5(user):
        """加密"""
        ctime = str(time.time())
        m = hashlib.md5(bytes(user, encoding='utf-8'))
        m.update(bytes(ctime, encoding='utf-8'))
        return m.hexdigest()
    
    # 订单信息
    ORDER_DICT = {
        1: {
            'name': 'rose',
            'age': 18,
            'gender': 'female'
        },
    
        2: {
            'name': 'tom',
            'age': 19,
            'gender': 'male'
        },
    }
    
    
    class OrderView(APIView):
        """订单管理"""
        authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication, ]  # 添加认证
        ret = {'code': 1000, 'msg': None, 'data': None, }
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            self.ret['data'] = ORDER_DICT
            return JsonResponse(self.ret)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            try:
                user = request._request.POST.get('username')
                pwd = request._request.POST.get('password')
                obj = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(username=user, password=pwd).first()
                if not obj:
                    self.ret['code'] = 1001
                    self.ret['msg'] = '用户名或密码错误'
    
                token = md5(user)
                models.UserToken.objects.update_or_create(user=obj, defaults={'token': token})
                self.ret['token'] = token
            except Exception as e:
                self.ret['code'] = 1002
                self.ret['msg'] = '请求异常'
    
            return JsonResponse(self.ret)
    

    在视图中我们新添加了一个订单类 OrderView,现在我们用 postman 发送 get 请求:

    发现认证失败,这是因为我们在认证时候获取 URL 中的 token,若过来的请求没有携带 token 就会认证失败。下面再来看看携带 token 的样子:

    三、分析 DRF 源码实现认证

    在这里我们将通过分析 drf 的源码来分析它是怎么实现认证的,又是怎么来编辑认证类的,下面是源码大致流程:

    封装原生request 对象

    1、drf 使用的 CBV 模式,所有请求过来,首先执行 dispatch() 方法,restframe work 对 dispatch() 方法增加了一些其他功能 restframework/views.py

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
            `.dispatch()` is pretty much the same as Django's regular dispatch,
            but with extra hooks for startup, finalize, and exception handling.
            """
        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs
        # 对原生的 request 对象进行加工,丰富了
        # request= Request(request,parsers=self.get_parsers(),authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),parser_context=parser_context)
        # 第一个参数为原生的 request 对象,
        request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
        self.request = request
        self.headers = self.default_response_headers  # deprecate?
    
        try:
            # 认证
            self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
            # Get the appropriate handler method
            if request.method.lower() in self.http_method_names:
                handler = getattr(self, request.method.lower(),
                                  self.http_method_not_allowed)
                else:
                    handler = self.http_method_not_allowed
    
                    response = handler(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
                    except Exception as exc:
                        response = self.handle_exception(exc)
    
                        self.response = self.finalize_response(request, response, *args, **kwargs)
                        return self.response
    

    从上面源码可以看到,在 dispatch() 方法中,主要做了两件事:

    • self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs):对原生 request 对象进行了封装,增加了一些其他功能
    • self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs):执行认证功能

    2、initialize_request()

    下面我们来看看 initialize_request() 方法怎么封装原生 request 对象的:

    def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the initial request object.
        """
        parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request)
    
        return Request(
            request,
            parsers=self.get_parsers(),
            authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),	# 这个函数将返回一个对象列表
            negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
            parser_context=parser_context
        )
    

    3、get_authenticators()

    使用列表生成式循环 self.authentication_classes 中的对象,并执行,返回一个对象列表:

    def get_authenticators(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of authenticators that this view can use.
        """
    
        return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes]
    
    

    4、authentication_classes

    api_settings 会从 settings 中匹配 DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES 字段,所有可用通过在 settings 中设置 DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES,可用实现全局认证:

    class APIView(View):
    
        # The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view.
        renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
        parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
        # 这句,从 setting 中找 DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES 字段
        authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
    	...
    
    

    认证

    下面我们来分析 dispatch() 中的另一个方法:initial(request, *args, **kwargs)(认证)

    1、initial()

    def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Runs anything that needs to occur prior to calling the method handler.
        """
        self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs)
    
        # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request
        neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request)
        request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg
    
        # Determine the API version, if versioning is in use.
        version, scheme = self.determine_version(request, *args, **kwargs)
        request.version, request.versioning_scheme = version, scheme
    
        # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted
        # 实现认证
        self.perform_authentication(request)
        self.check_permissions(request)
        self.check_throttles(request)
    
    

    2、perform_authentication()

    这里面就调用了 user:

    def perform_authentication(self, request):
        """
        Perform authentication on the incoming request.
    
        Note that if you override this and simply 'pass', then authentication
        will instead be performed lazily, the first time either
        `request.user` or `request.auth` is accessed.
        """
        request.user		# 这个 request 是原生 request 对象
    
    

    3、user()

    user() 是一个静态方法,因此调用它是不用加括号:

    @property
    def user(self):
        """
        Returns the user associated with the current request, as authenticated
        by the authentication classes provided to the request.
        """
        if not hasattr(self, '_user'):
            with wrap_attributeerrors():
                # 获取认证对象,进行一步步的认证
                self._authenticate()
        return self._user
    
    

    4、_authenticate()

    循环所有 authenticator 对象:

    def _authenticate(self):
        """
        Attempt to authenticate the request using each authentication instance
        in turn.
        循环认证类的所有对象
        这里分三种情况
        1.如果authenticate方法抛出异常,self._not_authenticated()执行
        2.有返回值,必须是元组:(request.user,request.auth)
        3.返回None,表示当前认证不处理,等下一个认证来处理
        """
        for authenticator in self.authenticators:
            try:
                # 执行认证类的authenticate方法
                user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self)
            except exceptions.APIException:
                self._not_authenticated()
                raise
    
            if user_auth_tuple is not None:
                self._authenticator = authenticator
                # 返回一个元组
                self.user, self.auth = user_auth_tuple
                return
    
        self._not_authenticated()
    
    

    authenticate() 返回的是一个元组:

    user_auth_tuple = return (token_obj.user, token_obj)
    self.user, self.auth = (token_obj.user, token_obj)
    # 那么相当于,即将用户对象封装到 request 对象中,可以通过 request 访问用户相关信息:
    request.user = token_obj.user
    request.auth = token_obj
    
    

    若没有返回值则执行 _not_authenticated() 方法,将返回一个匿名用户,认证失败:

    def _not_authenticated(self):
        """
        Set authenticator, user & authtoken representing an unauthenticated request.
    
        Defaults are None, AnonymousUser(匿名) & None.
        """
        self._authenticator = None
    
        if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER:
            self.user = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_USER()
        else:
            self.user = None
    
        if api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN:
            self.auth = api_settings.UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN()
        else:
            self.auth = None
    
    

    总结

    通过一系列的认证,发现 rest framework 最终执行的是 authenticate() 方法来认证,如果在我们自定义认证类时,重写 authenticate() 方法,那么就默认会执行我们自己定义的 authenticate() 方法。


    自定义认证类

    app/utils/auth.py

    通过获取 URL 中 token 来认证:

    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from app import models
    
    
    class MyAuthentication(object):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            token = request._request.GET.get('token')
            token_obj = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
            if not token_obj:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户认证失败')
            return (token_obj.user, token_obj)
    
        def authenticate_header(self, val):
            pass
    
    

    四、配置文件

    1、在封装原生 request 对象的时候,我们发现 api_settings 是从 settings 中读取的配置文件:

    class APIView(View):
    
        # The following policies may be set at either globally, or per-view.
        renderer_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES
        parser_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES
        authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
    
    

    2、api_settings

    从 settings 中加载 REST_FRAMEWORK,从而找到 DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES

    api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS)
    
    
    def reload_api_settings(*args, **kwargs):
        setting = kwargs['setting']
        # 从 settings 中加载 REST_FRAMEWORK
        if setting == 'REST_FRAMEWORK':
            api_settings.reload()
    
    

    3、基于此我们在 settings 中配置认证类,从而使得每个视图类都有认证功能,而不需要单独添加 authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication, ]

    # 设置全局认证
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ['app.utils.auth.MyAuthentication', ]     # 认证类的路径
    }
    
    

    **如果某个视图类不需要认证,可以单独设置 authentication_classes = []**

    五、其它内置认证类

    rest framework 还提供了一些其他的内置认证类 rest_framework/authentication.py

    类 BaseAuthentication

    BaseAuthentication 就实现了两个方法,因此我们自定义认证类时继承 BaseAuthentication 可以不写 authenticate_header() 方法,但是一定要重写 authenticate() 方法,否则会报错。

    class BaseAuthentication(object):
        """
        All authentication classes should extend BaseAuthentication.(所有的认证类都应该继承 BaseAuthentication)
        """
    
        def authenticate(self, request):
            """
            Authenticate the request and return a two-tuple of (user, token).
            """
            # 不重写会报错
            raise NotImplementedError(".authenticate() must be overridden.")
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            """
            Return a string to be used as the value of the `WWW-Authenticate`
            header in a `401 Unauthenticated` response, or `None` if the
            authentication scheme should return `403 Permission Denied` responses.
            """
            pass
    
    

    匿名用户

    如果允许匿名用户(即没有登录的用户)访问,可以修改自定义认证类为 app/utils/auth.py

    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from app import models
    from rest_framework.authentication import BaseAuthentication
    
    
    class FirstAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        """不返回值,则会执行 _not_authenticated() 方法,返回一个匿名用户"""
        def authenticate(self, request):
            pass
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            pass
    
    
    class MyAuthentication(BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            token = request._request.GET.get('token')
            token_obj = models.UserToken.objects.filter(token=token).first()
            if not token_obj:
                raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed('用户认证失败')
            return (token_obj.user, token_obj)
    
        def authenticate_header(self, val):
            pass
    
    

    2、settings.py

    # 设置全局认证
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ['app.utils.auth.FirstAuthentication', 'app.utils.auth.MyAuthentication', ],
    }
    
    

    访问:http 时首先会以 `` 认证,将返回一个匿名用户 AnonymousUser,当然你也可以设置为中文:

    # 设置全局认证
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        "DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES": ['app.utils.auth.FirstAuthentication', 'app.utils.auth.MyAuthentication', ],
        "UNAUTHENTICATED_USER": lambda: '匿名用户'
    }
    
    

    你也可设置为 None,Token 也可以设置:

    "UNAUTHENTICATED_TOKEN": None
    
    

    总结

    自定义认证类需要实现以下几步:

    • 自定义一个类,继承 BaseAuthentication,类中必须实现 authenticate() 方法
    • 若全局需要认证,配置 settings 即可
    • 若局部某个类视图不需要认证,可以在其中添加 authentication_classes = []
    • 若匿名用户也允许访问,可以定义一个类,不返回值
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/midworld/p/11075972.html
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