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  • 【Oracle】常用的SQL语句

    抄自:https://www.cnblogs.com/qiu18359243869/p/9474515.html

    提示:dual是一个虚拟表,用来构成select的语法规则,oracle保证dual里面永远只有一条记录。

    一、基本操作

    --新建表:
    create table table1( id varchar(300) primary key, name varchar(200) not null);
    
    --插入数据   
    insert into table1 (id,name) values ('aa','bb');
     
    --更新数据   
    update table1 set id = 'bb' where id='cc';
     
    --删除数据   
    delete from table1 where id ='cc';
    
    --清空表数据
    --是DDL操作,不产生rollback,速度快,delete操作在删除大数据量时会很慢
    truncate table table1;
     
    --删除表    
    drop table table1;
    
    --修改表名: 
    alter table table1 rename to table2;
    
    --添加新字段
    --alter table 表名 add(字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);
    alter table user add(age number(6));
    alter table user add (course varchar2(30) default '' not null);
    
    --修改字段
    --alter table 表名 modify (字段名 字段类型 默认值 是否为空);
    alter table user modify((age number(8));
    
    --修改字段名
    --alter table 表名 rename  column  列名 to 新列名;
    alter table user rename column course to newcourse;
    
    -- 删除字段
    --alter table 表名 drop column 字段名;
    alter table user drop column course;
     
    --表数据复制:
    insert into table1 (select * from table2);
     
    --复制表结构: 
    create table table1 select * from table2 where 1>1;
     
    --复制表结构和数据:
    create table table1 select * from table2;
     
    --复制指定字段: 
    create table table1 as select id, name from table2 where 1>1;
    
    --条件查询: 
    select id,name (case gender when 0 then '' when 1 then ‘女’ end  ) gender from  table1
    --添加主键
    ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME ADD CONSTRAINT PK_NAME PRIMARY KEY(COLUMN_NAME);
    
    --添加外键
    --有三种形式的外键约束:
    --1.普通外键约束(如果存在子表引用父表主键,则无法删除父表记录)
    --2.级联外键约束(可删除存在引用的父表记录,而且同时把所有有引用的子表记录也删除)
    --3.置空外键约束(可删除存在引用的父表记录,同时将子表中引用该父表主键的外键字段自动设为NULL,但该字段应允许空值)
    
    --普通外键
    ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID);
    --级联外键
    ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID) ON DELETE CASCADE;
    --置空外键
    ALTER TABLE T_INVOICE_DETAIL ADD CONSTRAINT FK_INVOICE_ID FOREIGN KEY(INVOICE_ID ) REFERENCES T_INVOICE(ID) ON DELETE SET NULL;
    
    --删除主键/外键
    ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME DROP CONSTRAINT PK_NAME ;
    
    --创建序列
    create sequence sequence_name
    minvalue 1   --最小值
    nomaxvalue   --不设置最大值(由机器决定),或 根据表字段的值范围设置 maxvalue
    maxvalue 999   -- 最大值
    start with 1    --从1开始计数,数值可变
    increment by 1   --每次加1,数值可变
    nocycle   --一直累加,不循环;cycle:达到最大值后,将从头开始累加
    nocache;   --不建缓冲区。   如果建立cache那么系统将自动读取cache值个seq,这样会加快运行速度;如果在单机中使用cache,或者oracle死了,那么下次读取的seq值将不连贯,所以不建议使用cache。
    
    --修改序列
    alter sequence sequence_name-- 序列名 也可以更改
    minvalue 1   
    maxvalue 99999999  
    start with 10   
    increment by 1  
    cycle    -- 到10000后,从头开始
    nocache;
    
    --删除序列
    drop sequence sequence_name
    
    --查询数据库的所有序列
    select * from all_sequences;
    
    --查询序列的下一个值
    SELECT  SEQ_NAME.NEXTVAL FROM dual;
    
    --修改序列的下个值
    ----X为正数负数都可以
    alter sequence SEQ_NAME increment BY X;    
    
    --重新将序列的值的增长值设为1
    alter sequence SEQ_NAME increment BY 1;
    
    --创建索引
    create index 索引名 on 表名(列名1,列名2,......);
    
    --删除索引
    drop index 索引名;
    
    --在数据库中查找表名
    select * from user_tables where  table_name like 'tablename%';
    
    --查看表的所有索引
    select * from all_indexes where table_name = 'tablename';
    
    --查看表的所有索引列
    select* from all_ind_columns where table_name = 'tablename';

    二、数学函数

    --绝对值:abs()
       select abs(-2) value from dual;          --(2)
    
    --取整函数(大):ceil()
       select ceil(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-2)
    
    --取整函数(小):floor()
       select floor(-2.001) value from dual;       --(-3)
    
    --取整函数(截取):trunc()
       select trunc(-2.001) value from dual;       -- (-2)
    
    --四舍五入:round()
       select round(1.234564,4) value from dual;       --(1.2346)
    
    --取平方:Power(m,n)
       select power(4,2) value from dual;       --(16)
    
    --取平方根:SQRT()
       select sqrt(16) value from dual;       --(4)
    
    --取随机数:dbms_random(minvalue,maxvalue)
       select dbms_random.value() from dual;  (默认是0到1之间)
     select dbms_random.value(2,4) value from dual;  (2-4之间随机数)
    
    --取符号:Sign()
      select sign(-3) value from dual; --(-1)
      select sign(3) value from dual; --(1)
    
    --取集合的最大值:greatest(value)
       select greatest(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(9)
    
    --取集合的最小值:least(value)
       select least(-1,3,5,7,9) value from dual;       --(-1)
    
    --处理Null值:nvl(空值,代替值)
       select  nvl(null,10) value from dual;       --(10)
      
       select nvl(score,10) score from student;

    三、rownum相关

    --rownum小于某个数时可以直接作为查询条件(注意oracle不支持select top)
    select * from student where rownum <3;
    
    --查询rownum大于某个数值,需要使用子查询,并且rownum需要有别名
    select * from(select rownum rn ,id,name from student) where rn>2;
    select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3;
    
    --区间查询
    select * from (select rownum rn, student.* from student) where rn >3 and rn<6;
    
    --排序+前n条
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRUVER d order  by drivernumber)t )p where p.rn<10;
    
    --排序+区间查询1
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<9 and p.rn>6;
    
    --排序+区间查询2
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<9 )p where p.rn>6;--效率远高于方式一

    四、分页查询

    假设每页显示10条

    1. 不包含排序

    --效率低
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d  )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;
    
    --效率高 
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, d.* from DJDRIVER d where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;

    2. 包含排序

    --排序+区间查询1(效率低)
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn<=20 and p.rn>=10;
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t )p where p.rn between 10 and 20;
    
    --排序+区间查询2(效率高) 
    
    select * from (select rownum rn, t.* from ( select d.* from DJDRIVER d order by DJDRIVER_DRIVERTIMES)t where rownum<=20 )p where p.rn>=10;

    五、时间处理

    1. to_char和to_date基本使用

    --日期
    --年 yyyy yyy yy year
    --月 month mm mon month
    --日+星期  dd ddd(一年中第几天) dy day 
    --小时  hh hh24 
    --分 mi
    --秒 ss
    select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime, 
           to_char(sysdate,'yyyy') year,
           to_char(sysdate,'mm') month,
           to_char(sysdate,'dd') day,
           to_char(sysdate,'day') week,
           to_char(sysdate,'hh24')hour,
           to_char(sysdate,'mi') minute,
           to_char(sysdate,'ss') second
    from dual;
    select to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')currenttime,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'yyyy')year,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mm')month,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'dd') day,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day') week,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE=American') week, --设置语言
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'hh24')hour,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'mi') minute,
           to_char(to_date('2009-07-04 05:02:01','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'),'ss') second
    from dual;

    2. months_between

    select months_between(to_date('03-31-2014','MM-DD-YYYY'),to_date('12-31-2013','MM-DD-YYYY')) "MONTHS"
     FROM DUAL;   

    3. next_day

    select sysdate today, next_day(sysdate,6) nextweek from dual;

    4. 时间区间

    -- borrow 为具体的表名
    select cardid, borrowdate from borrow where to_date(borrowdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss')  between 
    to_date('2014-02-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') and 
    to_date('2014-05-01 00:00:00','yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'); 

    5. interval

    select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') currenttime,
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' year,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalyear,   
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' month,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMonth,   
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' day,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalday,   
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' hour,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalHour,   
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' minute,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalMinute,   
           to_char(sysdate - interval '7' second,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') intervalSecond  
      from dual;

    6. add_months

    select add_months(sysdate,12) newtime from dual;

    7. extract

    select extract(month from sysdate) "This Month",
    extract(year from add_months(sysdate,36)) " Years" from dual; 

    六、字符函数

    --字符函数
    select substr('abcdefg',1,5)substr,                     --字符串截取
           instr('abcdefg','bc') instr,                     --查找子串
           
           'Hello'||'World' concat,                         --连接
           
           trim('  wish  ') trim,                           --去前后空格
           rtrim('wish  ') rtrim,                           --去后面空格
           ltrim('  wish') ltrim,                           --去前面空格
           
           trim(leading 'w' from 'wish') deleteprefix,      --去前缀
           trim(trailing 'h' from 'wish') deletetrailing,   --去后缀
           trim('w' from 'wish') trim1,
           
           ascii('A') A1, 
           ascii('a') A2,                                   --ascii(转换为对应的十进制数)
           chr(65) C1, 
           chr(97) C2,                                      --chr(十进制转对应字符)
           
           length('abcdefg') len,                           --length 
           
           lower('WISH')lower, 
           upper('wish')upper, 
           initcap('wish')initcap,                            --大小写变换
           
           replace('wish1','1','youhappy') replace,           --替换
           
           translate('wish1','1','y')translate,               --转换,对应一位(前面的位数大于等于后面的位数)
           translate('wish1','sh1','hy')translate1,
           
           concat('11','22') concat                     --连接
    
    
    from dual;

    七、to_number

    --to_number(expr)
    --to_number(expr,format)
    --to_number(expr,format,'nls-param')
    
    select to_number('0123')number1,            --converts a string to number
           trunc(to_number('0123.123'),2) number2,
           to_number('120.11','999.99') number3,
         to_number('0a','xx') number4,        --converts a hex number to decimal
           to_number(100000,'xxxxxx') number5
      
    from dual;

    八、聚合函数

    student表如下:

    1.count

    --count (distinct|all)
    select count(1) as count from student;--效率最高
    select count(*) as count from student;    
    select count(distinct score) from student;     

    2. avg

    --avg (distinct|all)
    select avg(score) score from student;
    select avg(distinct score) from student;
    select classno,avg(score) score from student group by classno;

    3. max

    --max (distinct|all)
    select max(score) from student;
    select classno, max(score) score from student group by classno;
     

    4. min

    --min (distinct|all)
    select min(score) from student;
    select classno, min(score) score from student group by classno;

    5. stddev(standard deviation)标准差

    --stddev
    select stddev(score) from student;
    select classno, stddev(score) score from student group by classno;

    6. sum

    --sum
    select sum(score) from student;
    select classno, sum(score) score from student group by classno;

    7. median--中位数

    --median
    select median(score) from student;
    select classno, median(score) score from student group by classno;

    九、案例演示

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/myitnews/p/11809205.html
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