MySQL lOAD DATA详解

load data
参考文档：
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/load-data.html

LOAD DATA
[LOW_PRIORITY | CONCURRENT] [LOCAL]
INFILE 'file_name'
[REPLACE | IGNORE]
INTO TABLE tbl_name
[PARTITION (partition_name [, partition_name] ...)]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
[{FIELDS | COLUMNS}
[TERMINATED BY 'string']
[[OPTIONALLY] ENCLOSED BY 'char']
[ESCAPED BY 'char']
]
[LINES
[STARTING BY 'string']
[TERMINATED BY 'string']
]
[IGNORE number {LINES | ROWS}]
[(col_name_or_user_var
[, col_name_or_user_var] ...)]
[SET col_name={expr | DEFAULT}
[, col_name={expr | DEFAULT}] ...]

这一堆参数还不少。

LOCAL:是否导入本地电脑文本文件，
导入本地电脑文件：一定要启用 local_infile 参数，否则会报错。
导入非本地电脑文件：用户一定要 FILE 权限，secure_file_priv参数值如果不为空，则文件一定要在这个目录中，如果为空，则该文件只需服务器可读。

小插曲，我本地使用mysql8.0。23客户端，在一切条件符合的情况下，LOAD DATA数据报错.
mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 ;
ERROR 2068 (HY000): LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE file request rejected due to restrictions on access.
排错一圈，才发现踩了mysql8的一个bug，
https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=91872
解决方法：
在client端配置文件中加入
[client]
loose-local-infile = 1
或者在使用mysql命令行时，指定 loose-local-infile = 1 连接数据库
mysql --local-infile=1 -uroot -p123456 -P3306 -h1.1.1.1

[REPLACE | IGNORE]：如遇到唯一冲突重复处理机制
REPLACE：覆盖写。
IGNORE：忽略。
如果没有指定REPLACE， IGNORE或者LOCAL，当发生错误时，会报错，并且文本余下部分不会被执行。

示例：
mysql> load data infile '/root/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 ;
ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'id' at row 2

提示：如果要在加载数据中忽略外键约束，需要在Load data 数据之前执行SET foreign_key_checks = 0

如果没有指定 FIELDS 或 LINES 子句，则默认值如下
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ' ' ENCLOSED BY '' ESCAPED BY '\'
LINES TERMINATED BY ' ' STARTING BY ''
提示：在 WINDOWS 系统中，想要正确的读文件需要配置 LINES TERMINATED BY ' '，因为WINDOWS系统通常使用两个字符做为终止符。

CHARACTER SET charset_name
设置导入内容的字符集,默认采用character_set_database系统变量值字符集导入内容。
提示：
这里我踩了一个坑，我本地使用CRT连接数据库，不知为何客户端字符集是latain1了，文本中包含中文，如果以默认方式导入会出现乱码。一般情况下，不需要指定CHARACTER SET

示例：
root# cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试

mysql> show variables like '%character%'
-> ;
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
| character_set_client | latin1 |
| character_set_connection | latin1 |
| character_set_database | utf8 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | latin1 |
| character_set_server | utf8 |
| character_set_system | utf8 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/local/mysql57/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+------------------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.07 sec)

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '' ESCAPED BY '\';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.15 sec)
Records: 2 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | ?? |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.06 sec)

set names utf8;
再查询就正常了
mysql> select * from t1;
+----+----------------+
| id | name |
+----+----------------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |

FIELDS TERMINATED BY：指定两列之间分隔符，默认是 ，也就是跳格，但大多时候生成的文本文件都是','逗号，所以在导入数据时，需要显式指定。

示例：
root# cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.20 sec)
Records: 2 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+--------+
| id | name |
+----+--------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.09 sec)

ENCLOSED BY：去掉字符串中包裹的符号

示例：

root #cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试
3,""chayicha"
4,"chayige"

如果以之前的参数导入，则结果如下,里边的引号也会写入进去。

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',';
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+-------------+
| id | name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |
| 3 | ""chayicha" |
| 4 | "chayige" |
+----+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.05 sec)


##加入 ENCLOSED BY '"' 参数后，在导入时字符左右两则的双引号被删掉了。

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"';
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+-----------+
| id | name |
+----+-----------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |
| 3 | "chayicha |
| 4 | chayige |
+----+-----------+

ESCAPED BY:设置转义字符，默认为 。

示例：
root#cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试
3,"	chayicha"
4,wo\a\b\c	chayige

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\';
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------------------+
| id | name |
+----+------------------+
| 1 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |
| 3 | chayicha |
| 4 | woac chayige |
+----+------------------+

LINES STARTING BY：忽略一个公共前缀,如示例，只有以 cha 开头的记录正确写入到了数据库，这个参数应该不常用

示例：
root#cat 1.csv
cha1,chai
2,测试
cha3,"yicha"
4,chayige

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' LINES STARTING BY 'cha';
Query OK, 3 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.14 sec)
Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 2

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+-------+
| id | name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | chai |
| 3 | yicha |
| 0 | NULL |
+----+-------+

LINES TERMINATED BY 'string'：分行符，一般情况下遇到回行即分行 ( )

示例：
演示一次遇到句号(。)即换行符
root#cat 2.csv
a,chai。2,测试。3,chayicha。

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/2.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' LINES TERMINATED BY '。';
Query OK, 4 rows affected, 4 warnings (0.15 sec)
Records: 4 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 4

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+----------+
| id | name |
+----+----------+
| 0 | chai |
| 2 | 测试 |
| 3 | chayicha |
| 0 | NULL |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.07 sec)

IGNORE number {LINES | ROWS}:跳过开始的多少行才进行导入，如果文本中有字段名，可以跳过第一行.

示例：
root# cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试
3,"yicha"
4,chayige

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' IGNORE
1 LINES;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+---------+
| id | name |
+----+---------+
| 2 | 测试 |
| 3 | yicha |
| 4 | chayige |
+----+---------+

[(col_name_or_user_var [, col_name_or_user_var] ...)]:手动指定要插入的列

示例：
root# cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试
3,"yicha"
4,chayige

mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' IGNORE
1 LINES(id,name);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.16 sec)
Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 2 | 测试 | NULL |
| 3 | yicha | NULL |
| 4 | chayige | NULL |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.09 sec)

[SET col_name={expr | DEFAULT} [, col_name={expr | DEFAULT}] ...]:在加载数据时做一些计算或更新一些其它字段值。

示例：
root# cat 1.csv
1,chai
2,测试
3,"yicha"
4,chayige

#在写入数据时，更新age字段列
mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' IGNORE
-> 1 LINES(id,name) set age=10;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.13 sec)
Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 2 | 测试 | 10 |
| 3 | yicha | 10 |
| 4 | chayige | 10 |
+----+---------+------+
3 rows in set (0.07 sec)

#在写入数据时对数据做二次逻辑处理
mysql> load data local infile '/Users/1.csv' into table ceshi.t1 FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' ESCAPED BY '\' IGNORE
-> 1 LINES(id,@name) set name=concat(@name,1);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.14 sec)
Records: 3 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from t1;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+----------+------+
| 2 | 测试1 | NULL |
| 3 | yicha1 | NULL |
| 4 | chayige1 | NULL |
+----+----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.07 sec)