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  • LateX输入数学公式

    转自:http://www.cnblogs.com/obama/archive/2013/04/27/3048198.html
    Derivatives, Limits, Sums and Integrals

    The expressions

    [GIF Image]

    are obtained in LaTeX by typing \frac{du}{dt} and \frac{d^2 u}{dx^2} respectively. The mathematical symbol [GIF Image] is produced using \partial. Thus the Heat Equation

    [GIF Image]

    is obtained in LaTeX by typing

    \[ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}
       = h^2 \left( \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial x^2}
          + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial y^2}
          + \frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial z^2} \right) \]

    To obtain mathematical expressions such as

    [GIF Image]

    in displayed equations we type \lim_{x \to +\infty}, \inf_{x > s} and \sup_K respectively. Thus to obtain

    [GIF Image]

    (in LaTeX) we type

    \[ \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3x^2 +7x^3}{x^2 +5x^4} = 3.\] 

    To obtain a summation sign such as

    [GIF Image]

    we type \sum_{i=1}^{2n}. Thus

    [GIF Image]

    is obtained by typing

    \[ \sum_{k=1}^n k^2 = \frac{1}{2} n (n+1).\] 

    We now discuss how to obtain integrals in mathematical documents. A typical integral is the following:

    [GIF Image]

    This is typeset using

    \[ \int_a^b f(x)\,dx.\] 

    The integral sign [GIF Image] is typeset using the control sequence \int, and the limits of integration (in this case a and b are treated as a subscript and a superscript on the integral sign.

    Most integrals occurring in mathematical documents begin with an integral sign and contain one or more instances of d followed by another (Latin or Greek) letter, as in dx, dy and dt. To obtain the correct appearance one should put extra space before the d, using \,. Thus

    [GIF Image]
    [GIF Image]
    [GIF Image]

    and

    [GIF Image]

    are obtained by typing

    \[ \int_0^{+\infty} x^n e^{-x} \,dx = n!.\] 
    \[ \int \cos \theta \,d\theta = \sin \theta.\] 
    \[ \int_{x^2 + y^2 \leq R^2} f(x,y)\,dx\,dy
       = \int_{\theta=0}^{2\pi} \int_{r=0}^R
          f(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta) r\,dr\,d\theta.\] 

    and

    \[ \int_0^R \frac{2x\,dx}{1+x^2} = \log(1+R^2).\] 

    respectively.

    In some multiple integrals (i.e., integrals containing more than one integral sign) one finds that LaTeX puts too much space between the integral signs. The way to improve the appearance of of the integral is to use the control sequence \! to remove a thin strip of unwanted space. Thus, for example, the multiple integral

    [GIF Image]

    is obtained by typing

    \[ \int_0^1 \! \int_0^1 x^2 y^2\,dx\,dy.\] 

    Had we typed

    \[ \int_0^1 \int_0^1 x^2 y^2\,dx\,dy.\] 

    we would have obtained

    [GIF Image]

    A particularly noteworthy example comes when we are typesetting a multiple integral such as

    [GIF Image]

    Here we use \! three times to obtain suitable spacing between the integral signs. We typeset this integral using

    \[ \int \!\!\! \int_D f(x,y)\,dx\,dy.\] 

    Had we typed

    \[ \int \int_D f(x,y)\,dx\,dy.\] 

    we would have obtained

    [GIF Image]

    The following (reasonably complicated) passage exhibits a number of the features which we have been discussing:

    [GIF Image]

    One would typeset this in LaTeX by typing

    In non-relativistic wave mechanics, the wave function
    $\psi(\mathbf{r},t)$ of a particle satisfies the
    \emph{Schr\"{o}dinger Wave Equation}
    \[ i\hbar\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial t}
      = \frac{-\hbar^2}{2m} \left(
        \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}
        + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}
        + \frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}
      \right) \psi + V \psi.\] 
    It is customary to normalize the wave equation by
    demanding that
    \[ \int \!\!\! \int \!\!\! \int_{\textbf{R}^3}
          \left| \psi(\mathbf{r},0) \right|^2\,dx\,dy\,dz = 1.\] 
    A simple calculation using the Schr\"{o}dinger wave
    equation shows that
    \[ \frac{d}{dt} \int \!\!\! \int \!\!\! \int_{\textbf{R}^3}
          \left| \psi(\mathbf{r},t) \right|^2\,dx\,dy\,dz = 0,\] 
    and hence
    \[ \int \!\!\! \int \!\!\! \int_{\textbf{R}^3}
          \left| \psi(\mathbf{r},t) \right|^2\,dx\,dy\,dz = 1\] 
    for all times~$t$. If we normalize the wave function in this
    way then, for any (measurable) subset~$V$ of $\textbf{R}^3$
    and time~$t$,
    \[ \int \!\!\! \int \!\!\! \int_V
          \left| \psi(\mathbf{r},t) \right|^2\,dx\,dy\,dz\] 
    represents the probability that the particle is to be found
    within the region~$V$ at time~$t$.
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/obama/p/3048198.html
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