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  • Python 学习笔记

    1.用户输入函数 input() 的工作原理

    函数 input() 让程序暂停运行,等待用户输入一些文本。获取用户输入后,Python将其存储在一个变量中,以方便你使用。

    >>> message = input("Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: ")
    Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you: hello Python!
    >>> print(message)
    hello Python!
    

    当你使用 input() 时,应该指定清晰而易于明白的提示,准确地指出你希望用户提供什么样的信息。

    2.使用 int() 来获取数值输入

    使用函数 input() 时,Python将用户输入解读为字符串,所以一旦你想用用户输入的数据来跟其他类型比较时,就必须做类型转换。

    
    >>> age = input("How old are you ?")
    How old are you ?30
    >>> age
    '30'
    

    如上所示我们得到了一个 30 的字符串。

    >>> age >= 30
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<pyshell#108>", line 1, in <module>
        age >= 30
    TypeError: '>=' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
    

    当我们做数值比较时报错。类型不匹配。所以这里就要用到 int() 函数将得到的字符串转换为 int 类型:

    
    >>> int(age) >= 30
    True
    

    3.求模运算符(%)

    用来处理数值信息,它能将两个数相除并返回余数:

    >>> 4 % 3
    1
    >>> 5 % 3
    2
    >>> 6 % 3
    0
    >>> 7 % 3
    1
    

    可以用求模运算来判断一个数是奇数还是偶数。

    4.while 循环

    for 循环用于针对集合中的每个元素的一个代码块(循环次数根据指定集合中对象个数来判断),而 while 循环不断地运行,直到指定的条件不满足为止。编写 while 循环时注意循环条件,不要写了一个无限循环,哈哈。

    语法:

    while 循环条件:
    执行逻辑

    4.1.while 循环的退出

    让用户自己选择退出:

    >>> prompt = "
     Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:"
    >>> prompt  += "
    Enter 'quit' to end the program."
    >>> message = ""
    >>> while message != 'quit':
             message = input(prompt)
             print(message)
    
     Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
    Enter 'quit' to end the program.hello world!
    hello world!
    
     Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
    Enter 'quit' to end the program.quit
    quit
    

    使用标志:

    >>> active = True
    >>> while active:
             message = input(prompt)
             if message == 'quit':
                 active = False
             else:
                 print(message)
    
     Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
    Enter 'quit' to end the program.hello world!
    hello world!
    
     Tell me something, and I will repeat it back to you:
    Enter 'quit' to end the program.quit
    

    使用 break 退出循环:

    >>> prompt = "
    Please enter the name of a city you have visited."
    >>> prompt += "
    (Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)"
    >>> while True:
             city = input(prompt)
             if city == 'quit':
                 break
             else:
                 print("I'd love to go to " + city.title() + "!")
    
    Please enter the name of a city you have visited.
    (Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)New York
    I'd love to go to New York!
    
    Please enter the name of a city you have visited.
    (Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)Beijing
    I'd love to go to Beijing!
    
    Please enter the name of a city you have visited.
    (Enter 'quit' when you are finished.)quit
    
    

    4.2.循环中的 continue

    要返回到循环开头,并根据条件测试结果决定是否继续执行循环,可使用 continue 语句,它不像 break 语句那样不再执行余下的代码并退出整个循环。

    >>> current_number = 0
    >>> while current_number < 10:
             current_number += 1
             if current_number % 2 == 0:
                 continue
             print(current_number)
    
    1
    3
    5
    7
    9
    

    4.3.while 循环在 列表 和 字典 中的应用

    循环列表,在循环列表时必须有个结束的逻辑,比如使用 pop() 函数或者 break 语句,否则进入无限循环。

    >>> users = ['alice', 'brian', 'candace']
    >>> while users:
             print(users.pop())
    
    candace
    brian
    alice
    

    循环列表 users,依次移除列表 users 末尾的元素。直到最后一个元素被移除,循环结束。

    >>> pets = ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
    >>> print(pets)
    ['dog', 'cat', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'cat', 'rabbit', 'cat']
    >>> while 'cat' in pets:
             pets.remove('cat')
    
    >>> print(pets)
    ['dog', 'dog', 'goldfish', 'rabbit']
    

    循环列表 pets,循环移除元素 'cat' 直到 'cat' 全部移除 pets 中,循环结束。

    循环字典

    >>> responses = {}
    >>> polling_active = True
    >>> while polling_active:
             name = input("
     What is your name?")
             reponse = input("Which mountain would you like to climb someday?")
             responses[name] = reponse
             repeat = input("Would you like to let another person respond?(yes/no)")
             if repeat =='no':
                 polling_active = False
    
     What is your name?dylan
    Which mountain would you like to climb someday?Tai
    Would you like to let another person respond?(yes/no)no
    
    >>> for name, response in responses.items():
             print(name + " would like to climb " + response + '.')
    

    dylan would like to climb Tai.

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/objmodel/p/7655120.html
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