一、元组
1.元组的表达
（1,2,3,4） （'olive',123） （"python",）
创建元组：
a=tuple((1,2,3,)) b=("python",)
2.元组功能属性
1 class tuple(object): 2 """ 3 tuple() -> empty tuple 4 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items 5 6 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. 7 """ 8 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 9 """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ 10 return 0 11 12 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 13 """ 14 T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. 15 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 16 """ 17 return 0 18 19 def __add__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 20 """ Return self+value. """ 21 pass 22 23 def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 24 """ Return key in self. """ 25 pass 26 27 def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 28 """ Return self==value. """ 29 pass 30 31 def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 32 """ Return getattr(self, name). """ 33 pass 34 35 def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 36 """ Return self[key]. """ 37 pass 38 39 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 40 pass 41 42 def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 43 """ Return self>=value. """ 44 pass 45 46 def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 47 """ Return self>value. """ 48 pass 49 50 def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 51 """ Return hash(self). """ 52 pass 53 54 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__ 55 """ 56 tuple() -> empty tuple 57 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items 58 59 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. 60 # (copied from class doc) 61 """ 62 pass 63 64 def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 65 """ Implement iter(self). """ 66 pass 67 68 def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 69 """ Return len(self). """ 70 pass 71 72 def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 73 """ Return self<=value. """ 74 pass 75 76 def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 77 """ Return self<value. """ 78 pass 79 80 def __mul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 81 """ Return self*value.n """ 82 pass 83 84 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 85 def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 86 """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ 87 pass 88 89 def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 90 """ Return self!=value. """ 91 pass 92 93 def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 94 """ Return repr(self). """ 95 pass 96 97 def __rmul__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 98 """ Return self*value. """ 99 pass
3.元组的部分功能属性介绍
元组和列表有很大相似性，但是元组的元素是不可修改的，所以很多列表有的功能元组都没有。
1）count(self, value):
统计元组中包含value元素的数量，返回一个int值。
1 a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) 2 b=a.count(1) 3 print(a,type(a)) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) <class 'tuple'> 8 3 <class 'int'>
2)index(self, value, start=None, stop=None):
索引，查找元组中value元素第一个出现的位置，start与stop参数是查找起始与结束位置，默认为None，返回int数值，如果查找中不包含这个元素，则返回ValueError: 'f' is not in tuple报错。
1 a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) 2 b=a.index(3) 3 print(a,len(a)) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) 9 8 2 <class 'int'>
3）__add__(self, *args, **kwargs):
给元组添加一个新的元素，添加的新元素需要以元组的形式添加，生成一个新的元组。
1 a=(1,2,3,4) 2 b=a.__add__((5,1)) #括号理给出的必须是元组 3 print(a,type(a)) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 (1, 2, 3, 4) <class 'tuple'> 8 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1) <class 'tuple'>
4）__contains__(self, *args, **kwargs):
判断元组中是否包含某个元素，返回布尔值。
1 a=(1,2,3,4,1,2,3,1,2,) 2 b=a.__contains__(2) 3 c=a.__contains__(5) 4 print(a) 5 print(b) 6 print(c) 7 8 #运行结果 9 (1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2) 10 True 11 False
二、字典
1.字典的表达
{"name":"olive","age":18}
创建字典：
a={"name":"olive","age":18}
b=dict({"name":"lusi","age":18})
2.字典功能属性
1 class dict(object): 2 """ 3 dict() -> new empty dictionary 4 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 5 (key, value) pairs 6 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 7 d = {} 8 for k, v in iterable: 9 d[k] = v 10 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 11 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 12 """ 13 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 14 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ 15 pass 16 17 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 18 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ 19 pass 20 21 @staticmethod # known case 22 def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 23 """ Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value. """ 24 pass 25 26 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 27 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ 28 pass 29 30 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 31 """ D.items() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's items """ 32 pass 33 34 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 35 """ D.keys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D's keys """ 36 pass 37 38 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 39 """ 40 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. 41 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised 42 """ 43 pass 44 45 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 46 """ 47 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 48 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. 49 """ 50 pass 51 52 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 53 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ 54 pass 55 56 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update 57 """ 58 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. 59 If E is present and has a .keys() method, then does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] 60 If E is present and lacks a .keys() method, then does: for k, v in E: D[k] = v 61 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] 62 """ 63 pass 64 65 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 66 """ D.values() -> an object providing a view on D's values """ 67 pass 68 69 def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 70 """ True if D has a key k, else False. """ 71 pass 72 73 def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 74 """ Delete self[key]. """ 75 pass 76 77 def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 78 """ Return self==value. """ 79 pass 80 81 def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 82 """ Return getattr(self, name). """ 83 pass 84 85 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 86 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 87 pass 88 89 def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 90 """ Return self>=value. """ 91 pass 92 93 def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 94 """ Return self>value. """ 95 pass 96 97 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ 98 """ 99 dict() -> new empty dictionary 100 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's 101 (key, value) pairs 102 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 103 d = {} 104 for k, v in iterable: 105 d[k] = v 106 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 107 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 108 # (copied from class doc) 109 """ 110 pass 111 112 def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 113 """ Implement iter(self). """ 114 pass 115 116 def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 117 """ Return len(self). """ 118 pass 119 120 def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 121 """ Return self<=value. """ 122 pass 123 124 def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 125 """ Return self<value. """ 126 pass 127 128 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 129 def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 130 """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ 131 pass 132 133 def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 134 """ Return self!=value. """ 135 pass 136 137 def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 138 """ Return repr(self). """ 139 pass 140 141 def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 142 """ Set self[key] to value. """ 143 pass 144 145 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 146 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ 147 pass 148 149 __hash__ = None
3.字典的部分功能属性介绍
1）clear(self):
清除字典中的所有元素。
1 a={"name":"olive","age":18} 2 b=a.clear() 3 print(a) 4 print(b) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {} 8 None
2）copy(self):
复制一份元组，相当于一次浅拷贝。
1 a={"name": "olive","age":18} 2 b=a.copy() 3 print(a,id(a),id("name")) 4 print(b,id(b),id("name")) 5 6 #赋值 7 c={"name": "lusi","age":18} 8 d=c 9 print(c,id("name")) 10 print(d,id("name")) 11 12 #浅拷贝 13 e={"name": "shy","age":18} 14 f=copy.copy(e) 15 print(e,id(e),id("name")) 16 print(f,id(f),id("name")) 17 18 #运行结果 19 {'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915224 2019840 20 {'name': 'olive', 'age': 18} 2915304 2019840 21 {'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840 22 {'name': 'lusi', 'age': 18} 2019840 23 {'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5584616 2019840 24 {'name': 'shy', 'age': 18} 5586056 2019840
3）fromkeys(*args, **kwargs):【fromkeys(seq,value=None)】
创建一个新的字典，以seq为字典的keys（键），value为字典的值，默认为None。适合创建一个一样值的字典。
1 a={"hunan": "changsha","guangdong":"guangzhou","jiangsu":"nanjing",'hubei':"wuhan"} 2 b=dict.fromkeys(a,"good") 3 c=dict.fromkeys(["a","b","c"],"abc") 4 d=dict.fromkeys("abcc") 5 print(a) 6 print(b) 7 print(c) 8 print(d) 9 10 #运行结果 11 {'guangdong': 'guangzhou', 'hubei': 'wuhan', 'hunan': 'changsha', 'jiangsu': 'nanjing'} 12 {'hubei': 'good', 'guangdong': 'good', 'hunan': 'good', 'jiangsu': 'good'} 13 {'c': 'abc', 'b': 'abc', 'a': 'abc'} 14 {'c': None, 'b': None, 'a': None} #seq给出的字符串c是重复的，但是创建的键只取一个。
4）get(self, k, d=None):
获取字典中键为k的值，如果字典中不包含k，则给出d值，d默认为None。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.get("a") 3 c=a.get("e") 4 d=a.get("e",5) 5 print(a) 6 print(b) 7 print(c) 8 print(d) 9 10 #运行结果 11 {'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4} 12 1 13 None 14 5
5）items(self):
遍历字典的一个方法，把字典中每对key和value组成一个元组，并把这些元组放在一个类似列表的dict_items中返回。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.items() 3 print(a) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'d': 4, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'b': 2} 8 dict_items([('d', 4), ('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('b', 2)]) <class 'dict_items'>
6）keys(self):
遍历字典键keys的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_keys，与items方法用法相同。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.keys() 3 print(a) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'b': 2, 'a': 1, 'c': 3, 'd': 4} 8 dict_keys(['b', 'a', 'c', 'd']) <class 'dict_keys'>
7)values(self):
遍历字典值value的一个方法，返回一个类似列表的dict_values，与items方法用法相同。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.values() 3 print(a) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1} 8 dict_values([3, 4, 2, 1]) <class 'dict_values'>
8）pop(self, k, d=None):
和get方法用法相似，只不过，get是获取字典中键为k的值，而pop是取出字典中键为k的值。当字典中不含键k时，d不是默认值时，取到的值就为d值，如果d为默认值None时，则KeyError报错。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.pop("a") 3 c=a.pop("e","five") 4 print(a) 5 print(b,type(b)) 6 print(c,type(c)) 7 8 #运行结果 9 {'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'b': 2} 10 1 <class 'int'> 11 five <class 'str'>
9）popitem(self):
从字典中随机取出一组键值，返回一个新的元组。如果字典中无键值可取，则KeyError报错。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.popitem() 3 print(a) 4 print(b,type(b)) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'d': 4, 'b': 2, 'a': 1} 8 ('c', 3) <class 'tuple'>
10）setdefault(self, k, d=None):
从字典中获取键为k的值，当字典中包含键k值时，功能和get基本一致，当字典中不包含键k值时，在原字典上添加上键为k的初始键值对，并返回值d。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.setdefault("a") 3 c=a.setdefault("e") 4 d=a.setdefault("f",6) 5 print(a) 6 print(b) 7 print(c) 8 print(d) 9 10 #运行结果 11 {'f': 6, 'c': 3, 'a': 1, 'e': None, 'b': 2, 'd': 4} 12 1 13 None 14 6
11）update(self, E=None, **F):
给字典新增元素，没有返回值。用法：dict.update(dict2)。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.update({"e":5}) 3 print(a) 4 print(b) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4, 'a': 1, 'e': 5} 8 None
12）__contains__(self, *args, **kwargs):
判断列表中是否包含某个键值对，返回布尔值。用法：dict.__contains__(keys)。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.__contains__("a") 3 print(a) 4 print(b) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'a': 1, 'd': 4, 'c': 3, 'b': 2} 8 True
13）__delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs):
删除字典中的某个键值对，没有返回值。用法：dict.__delitem__(keys)。
1 a={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4} 2 b=a.__delitem__("a") 3 print(a) 4 print(b) 5 6 #运行结果 7 {'c': 3, 'b': 2, 'd': 4} 8 None