Linux软件包管理
- rpm命令管理 https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963/article/details/86619233
- yum在线命令 https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963/article/details/86653645
- 源码包管理 https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963/article/details/86653703
- 脚本安装包 https://blog.csdn.net/jiduochou963/article/details/86655625
二、 yum在线命令
RPM缺点:
- 安装过程中，rpm包依赖性太强
- 如果所有rpm包都是手工安装，则rpm包使用难度较大，一些情况下甚至比源码包还要复杂。
注意：yum不支持查询，查询方法仍然依赖RPM包查询命令
yum在线安装
- 好处：将所有软件包放到官方服务器上,当进行yum在线安装时，可以自动解决依赖性问题。
- Redhat的yum在线安装需要付费。
yum源文件
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@localhost Packages]# ls -al /etc/yum.repos.d/
总用量 44
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 187 4月 13 2018 .
drwxr-xr-x. 141 root root 8192 1月 24 09:45 ..
# 基本yum源文件，默认生效，另外几个是默认不生效的
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1664 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1309 4月 29 2018 CentOS-CR.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 649 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 314 4月 29 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 630 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1331 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4768 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost Packages]#
[root@localhost Packages]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Base.repo # 下面的内容 #...表示是我添加的注释,以区别原来的。
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
CentOS-Base.repo文件内容中，以下面这几行为例介绍：
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[base]容器的名称，一定要放在[]中；简单来说就是yum源的名字，名称可以自己指定。name容器说明，可以自己随便写；相当于一个注释mirrorlist镜像站点，这个可以注释掉baseurl我们的yum源服务器的地址。默认是CentOS官方的yum源服务器,是可以使用的。国内如果网速慢可以自行改为国内的镜像。enabled此容器是否生效，默认生效(为1)。即如果不写或写成enabled=1都是生效,写成enabled=0就是不生效gpgcheck数字证书验证，如果是1是指RPM的数字证书生效,如果是0则不生效。一般开启，保护系统安全。gpgkey数字证书的公钥文件保存位置，不用修改
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7//是协议后面跟的双反斜杠,file://文件协议/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7是协议及绝对路径
- 本机的数字证书如下：
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls -al /etc/pki//rpm-gpg/
总用量 12
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 104 1月 23 17:34 .
drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 131 1月 23 17:38 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1690 4月 29 2018 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1004 4月 29 2018 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-7
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1690 4月 29 2018 RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
光盘(系统镜像)搭载本地yum源
如果没有网络，如何使用yum源?
1. 挂载光盘
挂载步骤和前面一样：
#...建立挂载点
[root@localhost cdrom]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom
#...挂载光盘
[root@localhost cdrom]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom/
mount: /dev/sr0 写保护，将以只读方式挂载
[root@localhost cdrom]#
2. 使网络yum源失效
方法一：
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo编辑enable=0使容器(yum源)不生效,但是每一个yum源都要编辑(修改或者添加enable语句)，比较麻烦。
方法二：
- 进入yum源目录
cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
- 修改yum源文件后缀名，使其失效——达到删除的效果,使网络yum源失效
mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls -al
总用量 44
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 187 4月 13 2018 .
drwxr-xr-x. 141 root root 8192 1月 24 09:45 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1664 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Base.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1309 4月 29 2018 CentOS-CR.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 649 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 314 4月 29 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 630 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1331 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4768 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls -al
总用量 44
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 191 1月 24 22:10 .
drwxr-xr-x. 141 root root 8192 1月 24 09:45 ..
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1664 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Base.repo.bak
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1309 4月 29 2018 CentOS-CR.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 649 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 314 4月 29 2018 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 630 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Media.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1331 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Sources.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4768 4月 29 2018 CentOS-Vault.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
让光盘yum源生效
vim CentOS-Media.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Media.repo # ...下面的 #...是我自己添加的
# CentOS-Media.repo
#
# This repo can be used with mounted DVD media, verify the mount point for
# CentOS-7. You can use this repo and yum to install items directly off the
# DVD ISO that we release.
#
# To use this repo, put in your DVD and use it with the other repos too:
# yum --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
#
# or for ONLY the media repo, do this:
#
# yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
[c7-media]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Media
baseurl=file:///media/CentOS/ #...将地址改为自己的光盘挂载地址,把下面两个不存在的地址注释(注释一定在行首),不然可能会报错。
file:///media/cdrom/
file:///media/cdrecorder/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0 #...这里改为enabled=1,让yum源配置文件生效
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim CentOS-Media.repo
# CentOS-Media.repo
#
# This repo can be used with mounted DVD media, verify the mount point for
# CentOS-7. You can use this repo and yum to install items directly off the
# DVD ISO that we release.
#
# To use this repo, put in your DVD and use it with the other repos too:
# yum --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
#
# or for ONLY the media repo, do this:
#
# yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
[c7-media]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Media
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/
# file:///media/cdrom/
# file:///media/cdrecorder/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
:wq
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Media.repo
# CentOS-Media.repo
#
# This repo can be used with mounted DVD media, verify the mount point for
# CentOS-7. You can use this repo and yum to install items directly off the
# DVD ISO that we release.
#
# To use this repo, put in your DVD and use it with the other repos too:
# yum --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
#
# or for ONLY the media repo, do this:
#
# yum --disablerepo=* --enablerepo=c7-media [command]
[c7-media]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Media
baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom/
# file:///media/cdrom/
# file:///media/cdrecorder/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
验证：yum list——查看yum源里有哪些软件包可以安装(下面会详细介绍)
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
...
...
zziplib.i686 0.13.62-5.el7 c7-media
zziplib.x86_64 0.13.62-5.el7 c7-media
zziplib-devel.i686 0.13.62-5.el7 c7-media
zziplib-devel.x86_64 0.13.62-5.el7 c7-media
zziplib-utils.x86_64 0.13.62-5.el7 c7-media
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]#
按列从左到右依次是：[包的名称]–[版本]–[yum源的名字]
yum命令
常用yum命令
1. 查询
yum list 查询所有可用软件包列表
[root@localhost ~]# yum list
...
yum search 关键字 搜索服务器上所有和关键字相关的包
[root@localhost ~]# yum search httpd
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
======================================================================= N/S matched: httpd =======================================================================
keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak client
libmicrohttpd-devel.i686 : Development files for libmicrohttpd
libmicrohttpd-devel.x86_64 : Development files for libmicrohttpd
libmicrohttpd-doc.noarch : Documentation for libmicrohttpd
python2-keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak client
httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
libmicrohttpd.i686 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
libmicrohttpd.x86_64 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
mod_auth_mellon.x86_64 : A SAML 2.0 authentication module for the Apache Httpd Server
mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
名称和简介匹配 only，使用“search all”试试。
[root@localhost ~]#
2. 安装
yum -y install 包名- 选项：
install安装-y自动回答yes
注意：yum中只写包名即可。
如1：mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# yum search mysql
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
======================================================================= N/S matched: mysql =======================================================================
MySQL-python.x86_64 : An interface to MySQL
akonadi-mysql.x86_64 : Akonadi MySQL backend support
apr-util-mysql.x86_64 : APR utility library MySQL DBD driver
dovecot-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL back end for dovecot
freeradius-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for freeradius
libdbi-dbd-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL plugin for libdbi
mysql-connector-java.noarch : Official JDBC driver for MySQL
mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 : ODBC driver for MySQL
pcp-pmda-mysql.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for MySQL
perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 : A MySQL interface for Perl
php-mysql.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
php-mysqlnd.x86_64 : A module for PHP applications that use MySQL databases
qt-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.i686 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt3-MySQL.x86_64 : MySQL drivers for Qt 3's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.i686 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
qt5-qtbase-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL driver for Qt5's SQL classes
redland-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL storage support for Redland
rsyslog-mysql.x86_64 : MySQL support for rsyslog
mariadb.x86_64 : A community developed branch of MySQL
mariadb-devel.i686 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-devel.x86_64 : Files for development of MariaDB/MySQL applications
mariadb-libs.i686 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
mariadb-libs.x86_64 : The shared libraries required for MariaDB/MySQL clients
名称和简介匹配 only，使用“search all”试试。
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 ^C
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
错误：打开 mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm 失败： 没有那个文件或目录
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/cdrom/Packages/mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
警告：/mnt/cdrom/Packages/mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, 密钥 ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
错误：依赖检测失败：
libodbc.so.2()(64bit) 被 mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 需要
libodbcinst.so.2()(64bit) 被 mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 需要
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
c7-media | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64.0.5.2.5-7.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 libodbcinst.so.2()(64bit)，它被软件包 mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 libodbc.so.2()(64bit)，它被软件包 mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 unixODBC.x86_64.0.2.3.1-11.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
==================================================================================================================================================================
正在安装:
mysql-connector-odbc x86_64 5.2.5-7.el7 c7-media 142 k
为依赖而安装:
unixODBC x86_64 2.3.1-11.el7 c7-media 413 k
事务概要
==================================================================================================================================================================
安装 1 软件包 (+1 依赖软件包)
总下载量：555 k
安装大小：1.6 M
Downloading packages:
警告：/mnt/cdrom/Packages/mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, 密钥 ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64.rpm 的公钥尚未安装
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计 11 MB/s | 555 kB 00:00:00
从 file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 检索密钥
导入 GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:
用户ID : "CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <security@centos.org>"
指纹 : 6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5
软件包 : centos-release-7-5.1804.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)
来自 : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
警告：RPM 数据库已被非 yum 程序修改。
正在安装 : unixODBC-2.3.1-11.el7.x86_64 1/2
正在安装 : mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 2/2
验证中 : mysql-connector-odbc-5.2.5-7.el7.x86_64 1/2
验证中 : unixODBC-2.3.1-11.el7.x86_64 2/2
已安装:
mysql-connector-odbc.x86_64 0:5.2.5-7.el7
作为依赖被安装:
unixODBC.x86_64 0:2.3.1-11.el7
完毕！
[root@localhost ~]#
如2：yum -y install gcc——C语言编译器
[root@localhost ~]# yum search gcc
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
======================================================================== N/S matched: gcc ========================================================================
gcc-c++.x86_64 : C++ support for GCC
gcc-gnat.x86_64 : Ada 95 support for GCC
gcc-objc.x86_64 : Objective-C support for GCC
gcc-objc++.x86_64 : Objective-C++ support for GCC
gcc-plugin-devel.x86_64 : Support for compiling GCC plugins
libgcc.i686 : GCC version 4.8 shared support library
libgcc.x86_64 : GCC version 4.8 shared support library
relaxngcc-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc for relaxngcc
compat-gcc-44.x86_64 : Compatibility GNU Compiler Collection
compat-gcc-44-c++.x86_64 : C++ support for compatibility compiler
compat-gcc-44-gfortran.x86_64 : Fortran support for compatibility compiler
gcc.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...)
gcc-gfortran.x86_64 : Fortran support
gcc-go.x86_64 : Go support
libgomp.i686 : GCC OpenMP v3.0 shared support library
libgomp.x86_64 : GCC OpenMP v3.0 shared support library
libmudflap.i686 : GCC mudflap shared support library
libmudflap.x86_64 : GCC mudflap shared support library
libmudflap-devel.i686 : GCC mudflap support
libmudflap-devel.x86_64 : GCC mudflap support
libquadmath.i686 : GCC __float128 shared support library
libquadmath.x86_64 : GCC __float128 shared support library
libquadmath-devel.i686 : GCC __float128 support
libquadmath-devel.x86_64 : GCC __float128 support
relaxngcc.noarch : RELAX NG Compiler Compiler
名称和简介匹配 only，使用“search all”试试。
[root@localhost ~]# gcc
bash: gcc: 未找到命令...
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/cdrom/Packages/gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
错误：依赖检测失败：
gcc = 4.8.5-28.el7 被 gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
libmpc.so.3()(64bit) 被 gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
libstdc++-devel = 4.8.5-28.el7 被 gcc-c++-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install gcc
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 gcc.x86_64.0.4.8.5-28.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 cpp = 4.8.5-28.el7，它被软件包 gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 glibc-devel >= 2.2.90-12，它被软件包 gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 libmpc.so.3()(64bit)，它被软件包 gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 cpp.x86_64.0.4.8.5-28.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 glibc-devel.x86_64.0.2.17-222.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 glibc-headers = 2.17-222.el7，它被软件包 glibc-devel-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 glibc-headers，它被软件包 glibc-devel-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 需要
---> 软件包 libmpc.x86_64.0.1.0.1-3.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 glibc-headers.x86_64.0.2.17-222.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 kernel-headers >= 2.2.1，它被软件包 glibc-headers-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在处理依赖关系 kernel-headers，它被软件包 glibc-headers-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 kernel-headers.x86_64.0.3.10.0-862.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成
依赖关系解决
==================================================================================================================================================================
Package 架构 版本 源 大小
==================================================================================================================================================================
正在安装:
gcc x86_64 4.8.5-28.el7 c7-media 16 M
为依赖而安装:
cpp x86_64 4.8.5-28.el7 c7-media 5.9 M
glibc-devel x86_64 2.17-222.el7 c7-media 1.1 M
glibc-headers x86_64 2.17-222.el7 c7-media 678 k
kernel-headers x86_64 3.10.0-862.el7 c7-media 7.1 M
libmpc x86_64 1.0.1-3.el7 c7-media 51 k
事务概要
==================================================================================================================================================================
安装 1 软件包 (+5 依赖软件包)
总下载量：31 M
安装大小：59 M
Downloading packages:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计 41 MB/s | 31 MB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
正在安装 : libmpc-1.0.1-3.el7.x86_64 1/6
正在安装 : cpp-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 2/6
正在安装 : kernel-headers-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 3/6
正在安装 : glibc-headers-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 4/6
正在安装 : glibc-devel-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 5/6
正在安装 : gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 6/6
验证中 : gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 1/6
验证中 : cpp-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 2/6
验证中 : glibc-devel-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 3/6
验证中 : kernel-headers-3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 4/6
验证中 : glibc-headers-2.17-222.el7.x86_64 5/6
验证中 : libmpc-1.0.1-3.el7.x86_64 6/6
已安装:
gcc.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7
作为依赖被安装:
cpp.x86_64 0:4.8.5-28.el7 glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.17-222.el7 glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.17-222.el7 kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-862.el7
libmpc.x86_64 0:1.0.1-3.el7
完毕！
[root@localhost ~]# gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-28)
Copyright © 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
本程序是自由软件；请参看源代码的版权声明。本软件没有任何担保；
包括没有适销性和某一专用目的下的适用性担保。
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y gcc
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
没有该命令：gcc。请使用 /usr/bin/yum --help
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install gcc
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
软件包 gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理
[root@localhost ~]#
升级
yum -y update 包名- 选项：
update升级-y自动回答yes
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y update httpd
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
No packages marked for update
[root@localhost ~]#
注：除非爆发致命漏洞，否则应该考虑稳定性，不升级尽量不要升级。
yum -y update是升级Linux中所有的软件包，包括Linux内核。新的内核启用需要人为配置才能启动，直接升级可能会造成系统崩溃。
卸载
yum -y remove 包名- 选项：
remove卸载-y自动回答yes
原则：服务器使用最小化安装，用什么软件安装什么,尽量不卸载。
安装有依赖性，卸载同样有依赖性。万一卸载了所依赖的系统包，导致系统崩溃。
yum软件组管理命令
yum grouplist- 列出所有可用的软件组列表
yum groupinstall 软件组名- 安装指定软件组，组名可以由grouplist查询出来
- 注意： 软件组名必须是英文
yum groupremove 软件组名- 卸载指定软件组
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
已加载插件：fastestmirror, langpacks
没有安装组信息文件
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
可用的环境分组：
最小安装
基础设施服务器
计算节点
文件及打印服务器
基本网页服务器
虚拟化主机
带 GUI 的服务器
GNOME 桌面
KDE Plasma Workspaces
开发及生成工作站
可用组：
传统 UNIX 兼容性
兼容性程序库
图形管理工具
安全性工具
开发工具
控制台互联网工具
智能卡支持
科学记数法支持
系统管理
系统管理工具
完成
[root@localhost ~]#
软件包名必须是英文；尽管Linux是用中文安装，但Linux本机是不支持中文的(如果是在Linux本机上操作就是纯英文。终端工具中显示的是安装时的语言，所以看到的是中文。)
在终端工具中将语系临时从中文改为英文即可：
[root@localhost ~]# LANG=en_US
[root@localhost ~]# yum grouplist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Available Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Compute Node
Infrastructure Server
File and Print Server
Basic Web Server
Virtualization Host
Server with GUI
GNOME Desktop
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Development and Creative Workstation
Available Groups:
Compatibility Libraries
Console Internet Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Administration Tools
System Management
Done
[root@localhost ~]#
安装指定软件组
[root@localhost ~]# yum groupinstall "Server with GUI"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
There is no installed groups file.
Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum)
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Warning: Group core does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group gnome-desktop does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group guest-agents does not have any packages to install.
Package gtk2-immodule-xim-2.24.31-1.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package imsettings-gsettings-1.6.3-9.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ibus-gtk3-1.5.17-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package ibus-gtk2-1.5.17-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gtk3-immodule-xim-3.22.26-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Warning: Group input-methods does not have any packages to install.
Group input-methods does have 2 conditional packages, which may get installed.
Warning: Group guest-desktop-agents does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group fonts does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group print-client does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group desktop-debugging does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group dial-up does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group hardware-monitoring does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group base does not have any packages to install.
Group base does have 1 conditional packages, which may get installed.
Package gstreamer1-plugins-bad-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gstreamer1-plugins-good-1.10.4-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gstreamer1-plugins-ugly-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Warning: Group multimedia does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group internet-browser does not have any packages to install.
Warning: Group x11 does not have any packages to install.
Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum)
No packages in any requested group available to install or update
[root@localhost ~]#
因为已经安装过GUI，haha。
改回来：LANG=zh_CN.utf8