MySQL Index Merge Optimization

      Index Merge用在通过一些range scans得到检索数据行和合并成一个整体。合并可以通过 unions,intersections,或者unions-intersection运用在底层的扫描上。合并Index scans结果只能在一个表中，不能合并多张表的scans结果；

     在explain执行计划输出中，index merge方法出现在 type 列，显示index merge，这种情况下key 列显示一列使用indexes，并且key_len列包含一列这些indexes 的最长部分；

     Examples:

SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key1 = 10 OR key2 = 20;

SELECT * FROM tbl_name
  WHERE (key1 = 10 OR key2 = 20) AND non_key=30;

SELECT * FROM t1, t2
  WHERE (t1.key1 IN (1,2) OR t1.key2 LIKE 'value%')
  AND t2.key1=t1.some_col;

SELECT * FROM t1, t2
  WHERE t1.key1=1
  AND (t2.key1=t1.some_col OR t2.key2=t1.some_col2);

  Index Merge 方法有许多access算法 ( Extra 列 Explain 输出):

Using intersect(...)

Using union(...)

Using sort_union(...)

   

    1：如果查询语句在含有复杂的内嵌的深度and / or where语句，Mysql不会选择最佳的执行计划，

(x AND y) OR z = (x OR z) AND (y OR z)
(x OR y) AND z = (x AND z) OR (y AND z)

    2：index merge 不适用在full-text index；

   

The Index Merge Intersection Access Algorithm

    该access算法在运用在,当where子句中不同的index range conditions用 and 组合时：

       1：index包括 N部分（所有index部分都包含）:

key_part1=const1 AND key_part2=const2 ... AND key_partN=constN

       2:  任何innodb主键上范围条件；

SELECT * FROM innodb_table WHERE primary_key < 10 AND key_col1=20;

SELECT * FROM tbl_name
  WHERE (key1_part1=1 AND key1_part2=2) AND key2=2;

       Index merge intersection 算法同时在所有使用的indexes上执行scan，并且从合并的Index扫描中产生行序列的交集；

       如果查询中的所有列都被使用的indexes所涵盖，完整的数据行不会被回访（只访问索引数据）（此时explain 输出包含显示using index 在extra列）:

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t1 WHERE key1=1 AND key2=1;

     如果使用的indexes并不涵盖查询中的所有列，完整的数据行（基表的数据行）只会在范围条件被所有使用的Indexes都满足的情况下才会被回访；

     如果在innodb table中，一个合并条件是在主键上，则他不会被使用在基表数据行的回访，被用在过滤其他条件回访返回的数据行；

index merge union access algorithm

      该算法试用在表的where语句在不同的index上的不同范围条件的 Or 组合：

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE key1=1 OR key2=2 OR key3=3;

SELECT * FROM innodb_table WHERE (key1=1 AND key2=2) OR
  (key3='foo' AND key4='bar') AND key5=5;

Index Merge sort-union access algorithm

SELECT * FROM tbl_name WHERE key_col1 < 10 OR key_col2 < 20;

SELECT * FROM tbl_name
  WHERE (key_col1 > 10 OR key_col2 = 20) AND nonkey_col=30;

 sort-union algorithm 和 the union algorithm 之间的区别在于必须首先获得所有的rows,并且对其排序被返回；

mysql> explain select * from employees where  emp_no < 257654 and hire_date = '1990-09-06';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys     | key               | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                           |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | PRIMARY,inx_hi_dt | inx_hi_dt,PRIMARY | 7,4     | NULL |   16 | Using intersect(inx_hi_dt,PRIMARY); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.09 sec)

mysql> explain select * from employees where  emp_no < 257654 or  hire_date = '1990-09-06';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys     | key               | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra                                       |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | PRIMARY,inx_hi_dt | PRIMARY,inx_hi_dt | 4,3     | NULL | 149716 | Using union(PRIMARY,inx_hi_dt); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------+------+--------+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc select  birth_date  from  employees where birth_date ='1961-07-09' and hire_date ='1986-06-29';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys       | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                                          |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | inx_hi_dt,idx_br_dt | idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt | 3,3     | NULL |    1 | Using intersect(idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt); Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc select  birth_date  from  employees where birth_date ='1961-07-09' or  hire_date ='1986-06-29';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys       | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                         |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | inx_hi_dt,idx_br_dt | idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt | 3,3     | NULL |  166 | Using union(idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc select  birth_date  from  employees where birth_date < '1950-07-09' or  hire_date < '1970-06-29';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys       | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | inx_hi_dt,idx_br_dt | idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt | 3,3     | NULL |    2 | Using sort_union(idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc select  birth_date  from  employees where birth_date < '1950-07-09' or  hire_date = '1986-06-29';
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type        | possible_keys       | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | employees | index_merge | inx_hi_dt,idx_br_dt | idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt | 3,3     | NULL |  111 | Using sort_union(idx_br_dt,inx_hi_dt); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)