使用packer制作vagrant box：centos
制作vagrant box，网上有教程，可以自己step by step的操作。不过直接使用虚拟在VirtualBox中制作vagrant box非常的费劲。网上有操作debian/ubuntu相关的文章，放2篇在这里供参考：
做到快结束的时候，就不知道如何解决了。后来发现有个Packer工具。就简单多了。
下面基于packer来操作centos7的box。所有操作在Mac下完成。对于一个devops，Mac自然是最好的工作环境，而centos则是线上的流行版本。
1 准备工具和文件
mkdir -p /Users/user/myVagrant/packer/src/
cd /Users/user/myVagrant/packer/src/
下载如下文件：
1.1 镜像 centos7.2
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.2.1511/isos/x86_64/sha1sum.txt
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.2.1511/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
注意验证iso文件的sha1.
shasum CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
783eef50e1fb91c78901d0421d8114a29b998478 CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
1.2 packer工具
https://www.packer.io/downloads.html
https://www.packer.io/intro/getting-started/setup.html
ls -l
-rw-r--r--@ 1 user staff 10395909 12 17 23:49 packer_0.12.1_darwin_amd64.zip
unzip packer_0.12.1_darwin_amd64.zip
# 将解压出来的packer文件移到$PATH可见的目录，方便后继操作
sudo mv packer /usr/local/sbin/
1.3 centos.json
这配置也是个神器，和packer配合，真是一对。不然很多工作都得按本文开始说的step by step操作了。先上github:
cd ../
pwd
/Users/user/myVagrant/packer
# 先上退一级目录
git clone https://github.com/boxcutter/centos.git
cd centos
# 在这里，能看到各个centos版本的配置文件。而且有一个centos.json文件，是没有版本的
ls -l centos.json centos72.json
-rw-r--r-- 1 user staff 6207 12 17 23:46 centos.json
-rw-r--r-- 1 user staff 459 12 18 09:03 centos72.json
# 这是我们关心的2个配置文件。第一个就预设了安装的所有参数和命令。可以打开看看
# centos72.json则是用来给用户填写需要自定义的部分，用其覆盖centos.json对应部分
2 准备工作
pwd
/Users/user/myVagrant/packer/centos
# 文件：/Users/user/myVagrant/packer/src/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
# 命令：/usr/local/sbin/packer
# 配置：centos72.json， centos.json
修改centos72.json
这里就几行配置，需要关心的就是两类：
- 系统资源：cpus， disk_size, memory
- 镜像文件：检验码，检验码类型，文件路径
一般只需要修改一下检验码和文件路径即可。检验码即上面使用shasum得到的串。
需要特别说明的是disk_size，预设的值是65536，单位是G。也就是整个虚机系统的磁盘空间是64G。根据实测的结果，根分区/将得到42G，而/home分区得到21G。
/dev/mapper/centos-root 42G 811M 42G 2% /
/dev/mapper/centos-home 21G 33M 21G 1% /home
这个结果我不太满意，因此设置为128G，反正是动态分配磁盘空间的。也就不怕大，只怕后面用着对21G空间不够就麻烦了。
git diff centos72.json
diff --git a/centos72.json b/centos72.json
index 83ed3d5..33d1a2e 100644
--- a/centos72.json
+++ b/centos72.json
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
"_comment": "Build with `packer build -var-file=centos72.json centos.json`",
"vm_name": "centos72",
"cpus": "1",
- "disk_size": "65536",
- "iso_checksum": "4c6c65b5a70a1142dadb3c65238e9e97253c0d3a",
+ "disk_size": "131072",
+ "iso_checksum": "783eef50e1fb91c78901d0421d8114a29b998478",
"iso_checksum_type": "sha1",
- "iso_name": "CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso",
- "iso_url": "http://mirrors.sonic.net/centos/7.2.1511/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso",
+ "iso_name": "CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso",
+ "iso_url": "file:///Users/user/myVagrant/packer/src/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso",
"kickstart": "ks7.cfg",
"memory": "512",
"parallels_guest_os_type": "centos7"
3 操作
3.1 说明
如https://github.com/boxcutter/centos首页所说，生成box是调用的packer工具，可以有不同的方法：
- with packer: packer build xxx
- with box script: bin/box，是对packer的封装。
- with Makefile: 使用make命令
直接使用packer的命令更长，下面使用box命令来操作。其实
$ packer build -var-file=centos71.json centos.json
$ bin/box build centos71
# 这两个配置是等价的。
因为默认只用于virtualBox虚机环境，因此下面的操作是指明了类型为virtualbox的。
在操作前需要再提醒一个关键事项：不要干预后继命令及virtualBox环境的执行！！！让它自动完成
你要做的事就是看着下面的注释，与终端和virtualBox的显示对比就是了。
3.2 action!!!
# 下面2个命令都可以
# packer build -only=virtualbox-iso -var-file=centos72.json centos.json
bin/box build centos72 virtualbox
# 注意，在此命令启动后，会调用virtualBox的启动虚机。
# 此时一定不要去点击该虚机。它会自动向下执行！！！
# 如果人工干预了，实测系统会中断在那里。而且进入的是图形模式
# 你只有中断了重来一遍
# 如果你没有指定virtualbox，则会生成多个虚机平台的box，下面只有virtualbox
virtualbox-iso output will be in this color.
==> virtualbox-iso: Downloading or copying Guest additions
virtualbox-iso: Downloading or copying: file:///Applications/VirtualBox.app/Contents/MacOS/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso
==> virtualbox-iso: Downloading or copying ISO
virtualbox-iso: Downloading or copying: file:///Volumes/Storage/software/centos/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
virtualbox-iso: Error downloading: stat /Volumes/Storage/software/centos/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso: no such file or directory
virtualbox-iso: Downloading or copying: file:///Users/user/myVagrant/packer/src/CentOS-7-x86_64-Minimal-1511.iso
# virtualBox中的虚机在字符模式下自动运行
# 上面是在读取镜像文件
==> virtualbox-iso: Starting HTTP server on port 8478
==> virtualbox-iso: Creating virtual machine...
==> virtualbox-iso: Creating hard drive...
==> virtualbox-iso: Creating forwarded port mapping for communicator (SSH, WinRM, etc) (host port 2224)
==> virtualbox-iso: Executing custom VBoxManage commands...
virtualbox-iso: Executing: modifyvm centos72 --memory 512
virtualbox-iso: Executing: modifyvm centos72 --cpus 1
virtualbox-iso: Executing: modifyvm centos72 --paravirtprovider default
virtualbox-iso: Executing: modifyvm centos72 --nictype1 virtio
==> virtualbox-iso: Starting the virtual machine...
==> virtualbox-iso: Waiting 10s for boot...
# 这时在等开机的安装选择，系统会自动处理。virtulBox已经启动了
==> virtualbox-iso: Typing the boot command...
==> virtualbox-iso: Waiting for SSH to become available...
# 这里自动在自动的安装加载中，直到系统装好并重启，日志都不会再变化
# 观察这个文件，大小一直在增加，大概有1G左右
ls -lh output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
-rw------- 1 user staff 576M 12 18 09:13 output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
ls -lh output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
-rw------- 1 user staff 867M 12 18 09:14 output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
ls -thrl output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
-rw------- 1 user staff 915M 12 18 10:21 output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.vdi
# 系统主要执行如下相关操作：
# 安装包，执行post-install处理，安装boot loader，配置用户环境。。。
# 准备好后，会自动重启，重启时也不要去干预它！
# 重启后，virtualBox进行等登陆的界面。这时该命令继续运行了
==> virtualbox-iso: Connected to SSH!
==> virtualbox-iso: Uploading VirtualBox version info (5.1.10)
==> virtualbox-iso: Uploading VirtualBox guest additions ISO...
# 登陆进系统后，执行 script/fix-slow-dns.sh命令
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/fix-slow-dns.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Applying slow DNS fix
virtualbox-iso: Restarting network (via systemctl): [ OK ]
virtualbox-iso: ==> Slow DNS fix applied (single-request-reopen)
# 执行script/sshd.sh修改配置。
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/sshd.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Configuring sshd_config options
virtualbox-iso: ==> Turning off sshd DNS lookup to prevent timeout delay
virtualbox-iso: ==> Disablng GSSAPI authentication to prevent timeout delay
# 执行其它 脚本
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/update.sh
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/vagrant.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Configuring settings for vagrant
virtualbox-iso: ==> Installing Vagrant SSH key
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/desktop.sh
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/vmware.sh
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/virtualbox.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Installing VirtualBox guest additions
virtualbox-iso: mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
virtualbox-iso: Verifying archive integrity... All good.
virtualbox-iso: Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.1.10 Guest Additions for Linux...........
virtualbox-iso: VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
virtualbox-iso: Copying additional installer modules ...
virtualbox-iso: ./install.sh: line 349: bzip2: command not found
virtualbox-iso: tar: This does not look like a tar archive
virtualbox-iso: tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors
virtualbox-iso: ./install.sh: line 362: bzip2: command not found
virtualbox-iso: tar: This does not look like a tar archive
virtualbox-iso: tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors
virtualbox-iso: ==> Removing packages needed for building guest tools
virtualbox-iso: Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: gcc
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: libmpc
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: mpfr
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: kernel-devel
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: kernel-headers
virtualbox-iso: No Packages marked for removal
virtualbox-iso: Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: cpp
virtualbox-iso: No Match for argument: perl
virtualbox-iso: No Packages marked for removal
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/parallels.sh
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/motd.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Recording box generation date
virtualbox-iso: ==> Customizing message of the day
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: custom-script.sh
==> virtualbox-iso: Provisioning with shell script: script/cleanup.sh
virtualbox-iso: ==> Clear out machine id
virtualbox-iso: ==> Cleaning up temporary network addresses
virtualbox-iso: ==> Remove unused man page locales
virtualbox-iso: /usr/share/man /home/vagrant
virtualbox-iso: mv: cannot stat ‘en’: No such file or directory
virtualbox-iso: /home/vagrant
virtualbox-iso: ==> Clean up yum cache of metadata and packages to save space
virtualbox-iso: Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
virtualbox-iso: Cleaning repos: C7.0.1406-base C7.0.1406-centosplus C7.0.1406-extras
virtualbox-iso: : C7.0.1406-fasttrack C7.0.1406-updates C7.1.1503-base
virtualbox-iso: : C7.1.1503-centosplus C7.1.1503-extras C7.1.1503-fasttrack
virtualbox-iso: : C7.1.1503-updates base base-debuginfo base-source c7-media
virtualbox-iso: : centosplus centosplus-source cr extras extras-source fasttrack
virtualbox-iso: : updates updates-source
virtualbox-iso: Cleaning up everything
virtualbox-iso: ==> Clear core files
virtualbox-iso: ==> Removing temporary files used to build box
virtualbox-iso: ==> Rebuild RPM DB
virtualbox-iso: ==> Clear out swap and disable until reboot
virtualbox-iso: dd: error writing ‘/dev/dm-1’: No space left on device
virtualbox-iso: 1025+0 records in
virtualbox-iso: 1024+0 records out
virtualbox-iso: 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 3.07468 s, 349 MB/s
virtualbox-iso: dd exit code 1 is suppressed
virtualbox-iso: Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
virtualbox-iso: no label, UUID=3c9082d3-be31-4f58-8700-9ab428f5f052
virtualbox-iso: ==> Zeroing out empty area to save space in the final image
# 上面在清除一些无用的文件，减少box的大小。并将空白区域置0
virtualbox-iso: dd exit code 1 is suppressed
virtualbox-iso: dd: error writing ‘/EMPTY’: No space left on device
virtualbox-iso: 50365+0 records in
virtualbox-iso: 50364+0 records out
virtualbox-iso: 52811284480 bytes (53 GB) copied, 139.999 s, 377 MB/s
virtualbox-iso: ==> Disk usage before cleanup
# 这里的dd命令，可以对应到：http://www.tuicool.com/articles/F7ZjQvy中的：
# sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/EMPTY bs=1M
# sudo rm -f /EMPTY
virtualbox-iso: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 777M 50G 2% / devtmpfs 235M 0 235M 0% /dev tmpfs 245M 0 245M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 245M 4.3M 241M 2% /run tmpfs 245M 0 245M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/centos-home 77G 33M 77G 1% /home /dev/sda1 497M 60M 437M 13% /boot tmpfs 49M 0 49M 0% /run/user/1000
virtualbox-iso: ==> Disk usage after cleanup
virtualbox-iso: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
virtualbox-iso: /dev/mapper/centos-root 50G 811M 50G 2% /
virtualbox-iso: devtmpfs 235M 0 235M 0% /dev
virtualbox-iso: tmpfs 245M 0 245M 0% /dev/shm
virtualbox-iso: tmpfs 245M 4.3M 241M 2% /run
virtualbox-iso: tmpfs 245M 0 245M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
virtualbox-iso: /dev/mapper/centos-home 77G 33M 77G 1% /home
virtualbox-iso: /dev/sda1 497M 64M 433M 13% /boot
virtualbox-iso: tmpfs 49M 0 49M 0% /run/user/1000
# 上面输出了清理环境后，整个磁盘空间的大小情况。
# 根分区有50G，/home分区的77G。够用了
==> virtualbox-iso: Gracefully halting virtual machine...
==> virtualbox-iso: Preparing to export machine...
virtualbox-iso: Deleting forwarded port mapping for the communicator (SSH, WinRM, etc) (host port 4046)
==> virtualbox-iso: Exporting virtual machine...
virtualbox-iso: Executing: export centos72 --output output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.ovf
==> virtualbox-iso: Unregistering and deleting virtual machine...
==> virtualbox-iso: Running post-processor: vagrant
==> virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Creating Vagrant box for 'virtualbox' provider
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Copying from artifact: output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72-disk1.vmdk
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Copying from artifact: output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/centos72.ovf
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Renaming the OVF to box.ovf...
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Compressing: Vagrantfile
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Compressing: box.ovf
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Compressing: centos72-disk1.vmdk
virtualbox-iso (vagrant): Compressing: metadata.json
Build 'virtualbox-iso' finished.
==> Builds finished. The artifacts of successful builds are:
--> virtualbox-iso: 'virtualbox' provider box: box/virtualbox/centos72-2.0.22.box
# 系统将output-centos72-virtualbox-iso/下的临时文件处理压缩为：
# box/virtualbox/centos72-2.0.22.box
# 整个命令结束。
ls -hl box/virtualbox/centos72-2.0.22.box
-rw-r--r-- 1 user staff 363M 12 18 10:37 box/virtualbox/centos72-2.0.22.box
# box文件只有363M
至此，box成功生成。